<p>Winnington Hall is a former country house in Winnington, now a suburb of Northwich, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. The building is in effect two houses joined together, an older modest timber-framed house, and a newer, more elegant, stone house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Country house</h3><br>
<p>The original timber-framed house was built in the late 16th or early 17th century for a member of the Warburton family of Warburton and Arley, Cheshire. Originally in three bays, it was extended by another two bays for Thomas Warburton, whose wife Anne was joint heir to the Penrhyn estate near Bangor in North Wales. A brick service wing was added to the north of the house in the early 18th century. Thomas son, Hugh, had only one child, a daughter, Anne Susanna. In 1765 Anne Susanna married the other heir to the Penrhyn estate, Richard Pennant, who later became the 1st Baron Penrhyn. In 1775 Pennant commissioned Samuel Wyatt to design what became the larger stone extension to the house. In a possible attempt to harmonise the older part of the house with the stone extension, in the early 19th century the timber-framed wing was coated with roughcast and castellated. In 1809 the Winnington estate was sold to John Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley of Alderley. Stanleys home, Alderley Hall, had burnt down 30 years previously, and his family were living in temporary accommodation on the Alderley estate. However Stanley spent much of his time in London, and the condition of the building deteriorated. In 1817 the Stanley family moved back to Alderley where a new hall was being built. Stanley&#39;s son, Edward, moved into the house in 1842, but left for Alderley Hall in 1850 after succeeding to the barony.</p><br>
<h3>School</h3><br>
<p>For some years the hall was used as a girls finishing school under Miss Margaret Alexis Bell and Miss Mary Jane Bell, where Sir Charles Hallé visited to give recitals and John Ruskin gave lectures. Ruskin helped the school financially, and had his own room in the house, which became for him a "semi-permanent residence". He instructed the 35 girls on subjects such as the Bible, geology and art, supervised their music, and watched them play cricket. In 1863 Ruskin invited Edward Burne-Jones to the school, and together they devised a project to create a set of wall hangings based on characters from Chaucers poem The Legend of Good Women. The figures were to be designed by Burne-Jones and embroidered by the girls in the school under the supervision of Georgiana, Burne-Jones&#39; wife. Embroidery frames and wool were purchased, and work began on one of the figures. However the work proved to be too ambitious, and the project was abandoned. Later, during the 1870s, the school became bankrupt, and closed.</p><br>
<h3>Brunner, Mond, and the chemical industry</h3><br>
<p>In 1872 the estate and hall were bought by John Brunner and Ludwig Mond. In 1870 Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley, who was short of money, had offered the estate of 600 acre for sale but received no bids for it. Brunner and Mond has been searching for land to build a chemical factory, and having been thwarted by Lord Delamere from buying land near his Vale Royal estate, turned to Winnington. They paid £16,108 (equivalent to £ as of ), for the whole estate, including the hall and the woodland. Their initial intention had been to demolish the hall, but they then decided to live in it. In 1873 Mond and his family moved into the newer wing of the hall and later that year the Brunners moved into the older wing. The roughcast was removed from the older part, much of the timber was replaced, and the attic floor was abandoned. In all, £2,000 (equivalent to £ as of ), was spent on repairs to the old wing. The Brunners moved out of the house in 1891 and the Monds at a later date. After the First World War the building was converted for use as the Winnington Hall Club for the use of the staff of Brunner Mond, (later Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI)). This included adding rooms to the northeast of the older wing, and building kitchens and utility rooms to the north of the new wing. The building was restored in about 1920 by Darcy Braddell, who was responsible for much of the current internal decoration. As of 2011, the hall is divided into over 40 offices, and it is managed by a service company who provide the offices for rental.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The ground plan of the hall remains much as it was in the early part of the 20th century. The older timber-framed hall forms a southeast wing. The stone extension lies to the northwest and is parallel, but more to the west. The two wings are linked at the southeast end of the southeast wing. The English Heritage citation refers to the older part as the "oak wing" and the newer part is the "stone wing". The oak wing provides the entrance to the building. The original timber-framed part of the wing is in two stories plus attics, with five gabled bays. It stands on a stone plinth, and its panels are filled with plaster. The exterior is decorated with close studding and chevrons. The porch dates from the 19th century, and is also timber-framed. On the left side of the wing is a projecting canted bay containing sash windows. To the right of the wing is a later addition consisting of a three-storey bay surmounted by a spire. Beyond this is a service wing "with no features of special interest". The stone wing is also in five bays and two storeys, and it rises to a greater height than the oak wing. It also stands on a plinth, and has canted ends. In the lower storey are 15-pane sash windows, and in the upper storey are nine-sash windows, with recessed panels containing festoons.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The entrance porch leads into a room known as the Stone Hall. To the left of this is a room known as the Oak Room. To the right is the Billiard Room and beyond that is a series of rooms added around end of the 19th century. A passage leads from the Stone Hall past the staircase into Wyatt&#39;s stone wing. It leads into the Gallery, at the end of which is the Orangery. Parallel to these rooms and to the northwest are the Dining Room, with an apsed anteroom leading to the Octagon Room. To the northwest of these rooms are parts of the original oak wing, and newer additions, all acting as service rooms. The Stone Hall, with its low ceiling, was re-dressed by Wyatt in Neoclassical style. It forms a contrast with the spacious nature of the Gallery, which is in four vaulted bays. Each of these bays is lit by a glazed lunette, below which are oval medallions containing a depiction of a neoclassical figure, and a niche holding a black basalt vase. The Orangery has large windows with cast iron glazing bars. The Octagon contains a Neoclassical fireplace, a delicately decorated plaster ceiling, and a frieze of winged gryphons. The Dining Room has an apsidal end. On the first floor is a suite of rooms designed by Wyatt.</p><br>
<p>Llyn Bodgynydd is a lake in the Gwydir Forest in North Wales. It covers an area of some 14 acre, and lies at a height of 822 feet a.s.l.</p><br>
<p>It is locally known as "Llyn Bod", or "Bod Mawr" (big), distinguishing it from a nearby, but much smaller lake ("Bod Bach" or "Cors Bodgynydd reservoir") to the north-east. Water from the larger lake flows to the smaller.</p><br>
<p>Both these lakes were dammed to create reservoirs to produce water to turn the large water wheel at the nearby Pandora mine, though they now hold less water than they once did due to the demolition of Bod Bach dam, and the altering of the sluice control at Bod Mawr in 1970.</p><br>
<p>An area beside the smaller lake has been designated the Cors Bodgynydd Nature Reserve due to the rich variety of plant and animal life there.</p><br>
<p>The lakeside affords good views of the adjacent hills, and fishing rights are held by Llanrwst Fishing Club.</p><br>
<p>Minervas Shrine is a shrine to the Roman goddess Minerva in Edgars Field, Handbridge, Chester, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. The shrine dates from the early 2nd century and is carved into the face of a sandstone quarry. It is protected by a 19th-century stone surround with a hood, which was refurbished in the late 20th century. The carving has weathered over the centuries and has also been damaged by human activity. Next to the shrine is an opening into the rock face which is possibly a natural fissure that has been enlarged and which is known as Edgar&#39;s Cave.</p><br>
<p>The shrine stands beside the route of the old main Roman road into the fortress of Deva from the south. Minerva was the Roman goddess of war, knowledge, and craftsmanship. She is often depicted with her attributes of helmet, shield, breastplate, and spear, but in this instance she is shown in a simplified form, standing in a representation of a temple. The Roman quarry, together with Edgar&#39;s Field and the image of Minerva, is a Scheduled Monument.</p><br>
<p>A cast of the shrine is kept in the Grosvenor Museum, in Chester.</p><br>
<p>Lugu Lake  is located in the North West Yunnan plateau in the centre of Ninglang Yi Autonomous County in the People&#39;s Republic of China. The middle of the lake forms the border between the Ninglang County of Yunnan Province and the Yanyuan County of Sichuan province. The formation of the lake is thought to have occurred in a geological fault belonging to the geological age of the Late Cenozoic. It is an alpine lake at an elevation of 2,685 m and is the highest lake in the Yunnan Province. The lake is surrounded by mountains and has five islands, four peninsulas, fourteen bays and seventeen beaches.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s shores are inhabited by many minority ethnic groups, such as the Mosuo, Norzu, Yi, Pumi and Tibetan. The most numerous of these are the Mosuo people (also spelt "Moso"), said to be a sub clan of the Naxi people (as per Chinese records of Minorities in China) with ancient family structure considered as "a live fossil for researching the marital development history of Human beings" and "the last quaint Realm of Matriarchy." It is considered as the home of the Moso Tribe However, Mosuo have a separate identity from the Naxis, as it is said that the Chinese used the word Mosuo as a generic term for different ethnic groups, including the Naxi.</p><br>
<p>Lugu Lake is called the "mother lake" by the Mosuo people. The lake is also well known in Chinese travel pamphlets as the region of “Amazons,” “The Kingdom of Women” and “Home of the Matriarchal Tribe”, this last name highlighting the dominant role of the Mosuo women in their society.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>In the Mosuo language, Lugu means "falling into the water" and hu means "lake" in Chinese, which combined together give the name of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lugu Lake is a natural lake in the Hengduan Mountain System, and has a horseshoe shape. It is bounded within geographic coordinates of 27.683&deg;N latitude, 100.75&deg;E longitude and 27.75&deg;N latitude, 100.833&deg;E longitude. It is located in a high plateau amidst the Xiaoliangshan hills of Western Yunnan. The Lion Mountain that surrounds the lake, which is worshipped as the goddess Gammo, is the chief deity of the Mosuo people who inhabit the area. The lake has a drainage catchment of 171.4 km&sup2;. The lake&#39;s main storage is from rainfall and its waters display a turquoise blue colour. The south shoreline of the lake is located in Yi Autonomous region of Ningland. The lake has a length of 9.4 km with a width of 8 km (mean width is 5.2 km) and a water spread area of 50 km&sup2; (48.5 km&sup2; is also mentioned) and an average depth of 45 m. The maximum depth in the lake is reported at 93.5 m (90 m is also mentioned in some references) which makes it the second deepest lake in China, after the Fuxianhu Lake. The lake is hemmed on both sides by steep mountains and partly forested slopes. The lake is fed by the Mosuo River and the outlet is the Gaizu River, which joins Yalong River and eventually into the Jingshajiang River or the Yangtze River. Geologically, it is inferred as one of the youngest fault lakes in the Yunnan Plateau.</p><br>
<p>The Gaizu River, flowing out of the lake at its southeast end, has a controlled outlet which is operated seasonally, only during the rainy season, and the rest of the time (September to May) it remains closed. The shore line is winding and has thus developed many beaches which have become popular tourist attractions. The lake waters exhibit transparency to a depth of 11 m. The lake has four prominent peninsulas and five islands. The five islands are: Heiwawu Island in the centre of the lake with a variety of birds living on it; Liwubi Island, Lige Island, Heiwawu Island, Liwubi Island, Nixi Island (the smallest island which has an oblong-shaped rock, covered by shrubs and moss); and the Lama Island. The three peninsulas and an island are linked to a seawall on the shore by a stone-paved path.</p><br>
<p>The shoreline of the lake is occupied by several ethnic minorities belonging to the Mosuo, Norzu, Yi, Pumi and Tibetan tribes. The lake is snowbound for three months a year, and the autumn and spring seasons bring a cool and dry climate, when the day temperatures are warm.</p><br>
<p>Important villages on the shore of the lake are Luoshui and Lige, which are both tourist centres. A walking tour along the periphery of the lake is a popular way of seeing the scenic beauty of the lake and its precincts.</p><br>
<p>Until 1982 there were no roads to the lake. The lake is 200 km away from the Lijiang city, the headquarters of the Ninglang province, along a road that passes through some of the most scenic sights en route between Zhongdian and Dequin. The road, however, is affected by bad weather. The village roadhead on the shores of the lake that is connected with Lijiang city is known as Luoshui, a village, part of a larger Luoshui Administrative Village.</p><br>
<p>Luoshui village on the Yunnan side and Mukua village on the Sichuan side of the lake can be approached by canoes via the Lama Island. The canoes are known as "zhucaochuan" in the local language, which means the "pig-trough boats." The trek route, which is popular among Buddhist pilgrims, starts at Luoshoi and also ends there. Buddhism is prevalent around the lake, as the shores of the lake have Tibetan-type monasteries, mostly of the Gelugpa Order, established by the Tibeto Burman people who have settled around the lake; the important monasteries on the shore are: The Daming Gonpa or Yradzong Gonpa, Shubi Gonpa, Ozer Gonpa, Galong Gonpa and the Dzembu Monastery, the last named belongs to the Sakya Order.</p><br>
<p>The history of the place, however, is also well known for its matriarchal culture and also the dress of the Mosuo women and girls in particular, which is distinctly conspicuous for its maroon blouses and skirts that establish an aura of authority.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kublai Khan, with his Mongolian army, established his army headquarters south of Lugu Lake. A feudal government ensued when officers and troops were stationed here. Kublai Khan introduced Buddhism and enforced rules of civil administration, coupled with religious tenets around Lugu Lake and Yongning town. It was during this time that the practice of monogamous marriage practised by officials of Mongol army also came into vogue among the ethnic Mosuo people, particularly in the Yankouba and Tuodian villages.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>An ancient legend linked to the lake is that a beautiful female spirit by the name of Gemu had many local mountain spirits as her male friends. The young spirit was pretty and also had male friends among the male spirits from other mountain regions. During one of her intimate dalliances with a local male spirit, a mountain spirit from a distant mountain came to her house on horseback. When he found her in the company of a local male spirit, he felt humiliated and quickly turned his horse round and started going back. Gemu heard the neigh of the horse and realized that a distant mountain spirit had come on horseback to visit her. She came out of the house and started running after the visitor spirit. She could only see a large hoof print at the foot of the mountain where the male spirit had disappeared. As it was getting dark, Gemu could not proceed further and she started weeping frenziedly, which resulted in the hoofprint turning into a lake with her tears. When the male spirit heard her crying, and saw that the hoofprint had turned into a lake with her tears, he lovingly threw a few pearls and flowers into the lake. The pearls are identified now as the islands in the lake and the flowers which floated to the lake shore are said to be scented azaleas and other flowers, which bloom every year.</p><br>
<p>Another legend narrated about the creation of the lake is that Gemu had many lovers. One such lover was a god named Waru Shila. During their first meeting and romance amidst a garden of flowers they were oblivious to their surroundings without even realizing that daybreak had occurred. In order to escape discovery of their affair, Waru Shila fled from the scene on his horse towards the hill, while Gemu fondly looked at him from the shore of Lugu Lake. While trying to look back at his fiancée, Waru Shila was holding the reins of the horse very tight. As a result, the horse stumbled and fell. This caused a deep depression in the ground. Since daybreak had occurred, Waru could not return to his heaven and therefore transformed himself into a mountain, to the east of the lake. Looking aghast at this turn of events, Gemu cried intensely, which resulted in the depression being filled by her tears and eventually turning into Lugu Lake. She then cast seven of her pearls into the lake, which became the seven islands. She also turned herself into a mountain in order to keep a watch on the lake and to look at her lover in the east, who had also earlier turned into a mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Lugu Lake, set in the subalpine zone in the southern Hengduan Mountains, is a pine-covered ecoregion. Apart from hosting endemic species of fish, Lugu Lake is visited by wintering water birds. The catchment of the lake in the Ninglang province has a fairly rich forest cover. The plant and tree species identified in the forest are: Yunnan pines, Chinese pines, lacquer, camphor, kapok and dragon spruce trees.</p><br>
<p>The fauna found in the area include fox, musk deer, vultures, hawks and leopard.</p><br>
<p>The reported avifauna consists of migrant birds such as the bar-headed geese.</p><br>
<p>Four endemic species of fish were reported in the lake - three Schizothorax species and one Misgurnus anguillicaudatus.</p><br>
<p>Fish species and the development of fisheries in Lugu Lake have been researched during 2001, 2002 and 2004. The studies reported that there are now 12 fish species in Lugu Lake, which belong to 10 genera, four families and three orders. Changes to the proliferation of fish in the lake has been due to the deposition of silt in the lake following heavy deforestation of lake&#39;s catchment. In addition to the four endemic species, eight exotic species were identified and these dominate the fish population in the lake to the detriment of the endemic species. Fishing is normally carried out using gillnets. The nets are spread over the lake’s entire length and width at different depths with mesh size varying to suit needs; they are usually spread from late afternoon to the morning hours of the following day. The eight exotic species, introduced to the lake in 1958 as part of commercial fishing activity, dominate the fishing resources of the lake, and three of the native species have been declared endangered. As a result of commercial fishing activity, the fish resources initially netted amounted to 500 tonnes. However, overfishing in the last few decades by trawlers has resulted in a drastic decline of the yield and in 1980 it was reported to be only 30 tonnes. The main reasons attributed for this decline are the heavy deforestation that occurred once in 1970 and then again between 1980 and 1990, which caused heavy siltation of the lake; the siltation advanced 100 m into the lake causing destruction of many spawning grounds of the three Schizothorax fishes, followed by the decrease of their stocks. Another reason given for the decrease in endemic fish stocks is the introduction of the exotic species, which has led to a decline in the indigenous Schizothoracid species.</p><br>
<h2>Mosuo people</h2><br>
<p>The Mosuo people’s ancient history is identified with Lugu Lake and their interests are now protected by the "Lugu Lake Mosuo Cultural Development Association". They are advertised as a major tourist attraction of Lugu Lake for their matriarchal traditions and “walking marriages,” where marriage is not sacrosanct as women exercise the right to choose and change their husbands at will. According to the 1990 database, there were 90,000 Mosuos, mostly concentrated around Lugu Lake. Their ethnicity has been defined as Masuo people belonging to the Pumi tribe, similar to the Mongolian ethnicity and a branch of the Naxi. Azu marriage is the way of living of the Mosuo people, and Azu in the local Mosuo language (which does not have its own script) means “intimate sweet heart”. It is a convenient arrangement in which the partners come and go as they like. Three types of Azu marriages have been mentioned namely, the “travelling marriage,” which is marriage without cohabitation; and the second type is the marriage with cohabitation that have developed into deep feelings after living under “travelling marriage” practice; they then live together and raise children as a family. The third type of marriage, which is linked to the history of Mongolian people occupying Lugu Lake who inculcated the practice of monogamous marriage among the Mosuo people, is called as “One on one marriage.” However, in all the three types of marriages, women have the rightful ownership of land, houses and full rights to the children born to them. The children carry their mother’s family name and pay greatest respect to their mothers who in turn enjoy high social status. It is for these reasons that Mosuo people of Lugu Lake are an attraction. The male companions are known as "axias" and they work for the women. Lugu Lake and Mosuo culture, though identified as syncratic, they are spread throughout the hills surrounding the lake. The heart of Mosuo culture is concentrated in Yongning, known as the cultural capital of Mosuo people and their largest religious Tibetan monastery is located here. Yang Erche Namu, a Chinese born in a small village near Lugu Lake, is a famous writer and singer of Mosuo ethnicity. She has written several books including the one titled Leaving Mother Lake, her first book in English. Her career and life is a story of controversies. The minority report in Time mentions “Sex appeals. And today, the area around Lugu Lake, the Mosuo homeland where Namu grew up, has become a chic tourist destination, thanks almost entirely to the renown that Namu&#39;s book has brought it.” She had even proposed to the then divorced French president Nicolas Sarkozy during his visit to China; in a recorded video introduction uploaded to the internet, she praised the colour of his skin and stated that she would be "a perfect wife for him".</p><br>
<h2>Tribal beliefs about the lake</h2><br>
<p>The minority tribal community, which resides on the shores of Lugu Lake, have many beliefs and taboos linked to the lake. They hold the lake in sacred reverence and have taboos on killing of animals and felling of trees; and Mosuos, in particular consider animals and trees as innocent. Any body desecrating the lake, as a reparation, has to sacrifice an animal used in tilling and offer the meat to the villagers to eat, contact a “Dingba or hangui (a shaman) to appease the spirits and restore topo-cosmic harmony” and pay obeisance to a Tibetan Buddhist Lama or local Lama. The fisher folk of the lake who practice zoned fishing in the lake believe that a black footed crane (Grus spp.) returning to Lugu Lake ushers prosperity.</p><br>
<p>As devout Buddhists, the Mosuo people make a devout annual circumambulation of the lakes shore in a clockwise direction. The prayer walk around the lake involves 35 mi of trekking covering the numerous temples and stupas around the lakes shore. Generally, this parikrama is covered in a day. However, a leisurely three-day walk also takes place. The Buddhist influence on the lake&#39;s shore is also seen in the form of prayer flags and pyramidal stupas or chortens. The religious trek passes through the Lusoshui village of the Mosuo, farms, orchards, temples in islands, pebble beaches, crosses a fork which directs towards the Yongning, once the capital of Mosuo people. It passes under the shadow of Mount Gama, trees wound with multicoloured cloths, rainbow coloured Buddhist prayer flags with an animal symbol and Buddhist scriptures printed on them, rows of pine trees, pig trough canoes on the lake, wooden houses with upturned roofs (similar to those found in Lijiang city), agricultural land of red soils, white gulls on the lake waters; a change of territory into Sichuan from Yunnan region, pyramidal stupas made with square segments affixed with flat prayer inscribed stones; the Lama Temple (a three tiered red and white Buddhist structure with upturned eaves surrounded by colourful fluttering prayer flags and a 15 ft fresco with a monk praying amidst scenic surroundings of mountains and clouds, altars, drums brass gongs and so forth) near the Grass Sea. It then passes through the house of the iconic Yang Erche Namu (the Lugu Lake native who is famous for her writings on Musuo and its people and for her singing and artistic talents) known as "China’s Sexiest Woman", and continues through eucalyptus groves and marshes, finally ending the trek at the lake.</p><br>
<p>Llyn Park  is a lake in the Gwydir Forest in North Wales.</p><br>
<p>Lying at a height of 664 feet, it covers an area of 22 acre, and is long and narrow in shape.</p><br>
<p>A natural lake, the building of a dam at the southern end raised the level to provide water to drive machinery at the nearby Aberllyn lead and zinc mine, which in 1900 employed some 200 men. The outflow of the lake today passes the ruined remains of the mills before joining the River Conwy.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the lake are the remains of a high wall, built by French Napoleonic prisoners of war, to keep deer within the Gwydir High Park.</p><br>
<p>In 1938, when a large forest fire destroyed parts of the forest, it was hoped that Llyn Parc would act as a natural fire break. The fire, though, was so fierce that it crossed from one side to the other.</p><br>
<p>The high (though reducing) level of lead in the water means that there are no fish in the lake.</p><br>
<p>Some sources quote that the area around Llyn Parc is reported to be one of the few remaining strongholds of the red squirrel. This is not so, confusion having arisen between this location and the similarly named "Llyn Parc Mawr" at Newborough on Anglesey.</p><br>
<p>Mount Harwood is the first summit east of Mount San Antonio. The United States Geological Survey recognized the name to honor California educator and conservationist Aurelia Squire Harwood in 1965. Mount Harwood is located on the East side of the San Gabriel Mountains in the Angeles National Forest near the San Bernardino-Los Angeles county border. In this area of the San Gabriel Mountains the peaks are the highest. Because of the elevation Mount Harwood turns out to be ranked the 4th highest peak in the San Gabriel mountains after Dawson Peak, Mount San Antonio or "Old Baldy" being the highest at 10,064 feet . The only way for hikers or tourists to access Mount Harwood is to take Mt. Baldy Road off I-210. A National Forest Adventure pass/ National Park access pass must be displayed on a vehicle to access Mount Harwood.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Mount Harwood has a Highlands/Mediterranean Climate. Summers are hot and dry. Winters are cold and wet, and Mount Harwood is packed with snow during this season along with most of the San Gabriel Mountains. Because of this high elevation climate, mixed conifer forests grow on Mount Harwood but the peak is devoid of any trees.</p><br>
<p>Taapaca is a Holocene volcanic complex in northern Chiles Arica y Parinacota Region. Part of Chiles segment of the Andean volcanic chain, it is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes which is one of four distinct volcanic chains in South America. The town of Putre lies on the southwestern foot of the volcano.</p><br>
<p>Taapaca like other volcanoes of the Central Volcanic Zone formed from the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. It has formed on the western margin of the Altiplano high plateau on top of older volcanic and sedimentary units. Taapaca has mainly erupted dacite in the form of numerous lava domes, although an andesitic stratovolcano is also present.</p><br>
<p>Volcanic activity at Taapaca occurred in several stages starting during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The emplacement of lava domes was often accompanied by their collapse and the formation of block-and-ash avalanches, and parts of the volcano underwent sector collapses. While it was at first assumed that activity ended during the Pleistocene, late eruptions occurred during the Holocene; the latest is dated to 320 BCE. The Chilean Geological Service monitors the volcano as it is a hazard to the town of Putre, but eruptions could also impact local roads and areas as far east as Bolivia.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The term tara paka is Aymara for "two-headed eagle" and Quechua for Andean eagle. It is also known as Nevados de Putre; sometimes "Nevados de Putre" is used to refer to the volcanic complex and "Taapaca" to its highest summit. The term taapaca may also be the origin of the term tarapaca and could be an Aymara name for the founder deity Viracocha.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>Taapaca lies in the Parinacota province of the Arica y Parinacota Region. Northern Chile has little documented Holocene activity, with the majority of eruptions documented at Guallatiri, Lascar and Parinacota. The first and the last of these three volcanoes as well as Taapaca itself are part of the Lauca National Park.</p><br>
<h3>Regional setting</h3><br>
<p>Volcanism occurs in the Andes as a consequence of the subduction of the Nazca Plate and the Antarctic Plate beneath the South America Plate in the Peru-Chile Trench, at rates of 7 - and 2 cm/year, respectively. This subduction does not result in volcanic activity everywhere; in places where the subduction process is shallower ("flat slab") there is no recent volcanism. Volcanism has been ongoing in the Andes since about 185 million years ago, with a noted increase about 27 million years ago when the Farallon Plate broke up.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, the Andes were considered to contain about 178 volcanoes with Holocene activity, of which 60 were further assumed to have been active during historical time.</p><br>
<h3>Local setting</h3><br>
<p>Taapaca is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, which along with the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Southern Volcanic Zone and the Austral Volcanic Zone is one of the four volcanic belts of the Andes; these volcanic belts are separated by areas where no recent volcanism has occurred. Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate is responsible for volcanism in the Central Volcanic Zone, the subduction process generates fluids that are ultimately responsible for the evolution of subduction-associated magmas when they interact with the mantle wedge above the subducting plate.</p><br>
<p>The Central Volcanic Zone has about 44 active volcanoes and several other caldera/ignimbrite and volcanic field centres. Older volcanoes are often well preserved owing to the dry climate. This volcanic zone features the highest volcanoes in the world, which reach elevations of 5,000 - here. The largest eruption in the Central Volcanic Zone occurred at Huaynaputina in 1600 and Lascar is the most active volcano in the region; otherwise volcanic activity is poorly recorded as most edifices are remote from human habitation.</p><br>
<p>Taapaca is located on the Altiplano, more specifically on its western margin where the Western Cordillera has developed since the Oligocene. The basement beneath the volcano is formed by several principally volcanic formations, including the Lupica and sedimentary Huaylas formations and the Lauca ignimbrite (2.72 million years old); this basement is of Oligocene to Pliocene age. In some places, a Proterozoic basement formed by amphibolites, gneisses and serpentinites crops out. The volcanoes of Condoriri, Pomerape, Larancagua and Parinacota lie to the east of Taapaca, whereas to the west the Lluta River forms a valley that runs north-south. The area of Taapaca is subject to contractional tectonics, with a major thrust fault passing closely to the volcano, but their relationship to Taapaca&#39;s volcanism is not clear.</p><br>
<h3>The volcano</h3><br>
<p>Taapaca reaches a height of 5,850 m above sea level and is a volcanic complex elongated from west to east. Just north of the summit, a valley begins and curves clockwise until it opens southwestward onto the flanks of the volcano, and is bordered on the site opposed to the summit by an equally clockwise trending ridge. This valley is drained by the Quebrada Pacollo stream. The main summit is formed by a Holocene dome, with a late Pleistocene (Socapave unit) dome just west of the main summit.</p><br>
<p>Taapaca consists primarily of overlapping lava domes, of which there are many at Taapaca, with various sizes and shapes ranging from almost circular to ellipse shaped constructs. Lava flows conversely are uncommon. The volcano has generazed an apron of block-and-ash flow deposits especially on the western, southwestern and eastern flanks, which has filled valleys. An andesitic stratovolcano is also present. The total volume of the edifice is about 35 km3. Volcanic material covers a surface of 250 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Taapaca is usually covered by snow but does not feature glaciers, and is the origin of the Lluta River which has its headwaters on the mountain. The Quebrada Allane drains the northern flank westward into the Lluta River; parts of the mountain drain into the Rio Lauca watershed to the east. Southwest of Taapaca lies Putre, the main town of the northern Altiplano of Chile.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>Taapaca is mostly formed by potassium-rich dacite, although andesite was erupted early during its activity, and one occurrence of rhyolite is reported. The composition of the rocks was relatively uniform over the history of the volcano, and reflects a calc-alkaline nature of magmatism.</p><br>
<p>Minerals found in rocks erupted at Taapaca include amphibole, apatite, biotite, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, magnetite and hematite, plagioclase, quartz, sanidine and titanite. Dacitic rocks contain mafic inclusions, and such inclusions become increasingly more common the younger the rocks they are embedded in are.</p><br>
<p>The presence of mafic inclusions indicates that magma mixing occurs at Taapaca, with renewed eruptive episodes having been triggered by the injection of new andesitic magma into preexistent dacitic magma chambers. These dacitic magma chambers appear to have relatively small volumes, with little movement of the magma within the chamber except for the episodes where the chambers were heated by new magma injection. Based on geothermometry, a temperature of 870 ± has been inferred for the dacites. The formation of the magma has been inferred to occur through the initial mixing of basaltic andesite which is the typical calc-alkaline volcanic arc basalt with basalt derived from melting of sub-crustal basalt cumulates and the subsequent interaction of the resulting mixture with rhyodacite melts derived from Proterozoic crustal material; the initial melt contributes most of the material in mafic inclusions and the rhyodacite contributes most of the dacite material.</p><br>
<p>The principal magma basin appears to be located at 15 - depth, although some petrological traits of the erupted rocks indicate a secondary area of petrogenesis at 5 - of depth. Fractional crystallization and partial melting are involved in the formation of Taapaca magmas.</p><br>
<p>Crustal assimilation at depths of over 40 km was involved in the formation of the dacitic magma and contributes about 18% of the mass of the dacites. Taapaca is constructed on a fairly thick crust and rising magma thus undergoes substantial interaction with the crust, meaning that crustal contamination is important in the genesis of Taapaca&#39;s magmas. This magma was then transported to shallower levels, where it crystallized.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and biology</h2><br>
<p>Taapaca lies in a region of tropical alpine climate, with large diurnal temperature fluctuations and frost a possibility during the night all year over; temperatures range between 20 -. Unlike most of Chile, precipitation occurs mainly during summer, with snowfall occasionally occurring during June and July; however the climate is largely arid and thus vegetation is not widespread.</p><br>
<p>On the southern side of Taapaca, vegetation consists mostly of Puna shrub and steppe which becomes shrubland farther west. Cushion plants such as the noticeable Azorella compacta and Polylepis woods also occur, along with wetlands known as bofedales. Woodlands were formerly more common in the region.</p><br>
<p>Fauna encountered in the region includes birds, flamingos, guanacos, huemuls, rheas, vicuñas and viscachas, along with the puma and rodents which are fairly common. Much of the area is protected by the Lauca National Park that Taapaca is part of.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive activity</h2><br>
<p>Taapaca was originally considered to have been active for the last 1.5 million years and during three volcanic phases. Later a fourth stage was identified and some rocks were interpreted as pre-dating 1.5 million years ago. Eruptions at Taapaca have consisted of lava dome forming eruptions and explosive activity with avalanches of blocks and ash, which form when lava domes collapse as has been observed in historical time at Soufriere Hills and Unzen volcanoes although these events were much smaller than reconstructed episodes at Taapaca. Conversely, only one subplinian eruption has occurred on Taapaca and tephra fallout deposits are not widespread. Eruptive activity has moved southward over the history of Taapaca, with activity centered at the top of the edifice.</p><br>
<p>Late Pleistocene to Holocene activity consisted of discrete episodes lasting about 10,000 years and separated by tens of thousands of years with no recognized activity. Aside from actual eruptions, various types of edifice collapse are recorded at Taapaca including sector collapses of segments of the volcano and mass failure of individual domes, which generated block-and-ash flows.</p><br>
<h3>Eruptive history</h3><br>
<p>The oldest stage consists of Pliocene-Pleistocene andesite lava flows which crop out in two sites on the northern flank and are heavily eroded and partly buried by later volcanic stages. This stage of the edifice most likely consisted of a broad stratovolcano.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, between 1.5 and 0.5 million years ago dacitic lava flows and lava domes constructed most of the northern and eastern flanks of the volcano. Their flow forms such as flow ridges are better preserved on the eastern flank, while glacial and hydrothermal alteration has occurred on the northern flank and has degraded the flow forms there. On the northern and northwestern flank, block-and-ash flows up to 13 km long and with thicknesses 20 m-less than 2 m thick farther away from the volcano have covered a surface of 110 km&sup2;. They often have lahars up to 5 m thick cropping out in their distal regions. At this time, Taapaca likely was a large stratovolcano consisting of steep lava domes.</p><br>
<p>The third stage featured volcanic activity similar to the second stage, with its products covering 18 km&sup2; especially in the central, eastern and southwestern parts of the edifice, and construction of another lava dome complex took place on the southern side of the volcano. Short and thick lava flows are located on the western flank while the eastern flank features lava domes from this stage, one of which has a "pancake"-like appearance. Two alignments of domes date back to this time, one on the southern and the other on the eastern flank, both lined up north-south. The second and probably also the third stage were subject to glacial erosion, which together with later sector collapses resulted in the removal of much of Taapaca&#39;s edifice and the exposure of the core of the volcano.</p><br>
<p>The fourth stage spans the Pleistocene and Holocene and commenced with the emplacement of the Churilinco debris avalance, which covers a surface of 1 km&sup2;. This avalanche was formed by the collapse of the older edifice between 450,000 and 430,000 years ago; most likely the collapse took place after hydrothermal alteration had weakened the edifice. Subsequently, the Tajane unit was emplaced between 430,000 - 25,000 years ago on the south-southwestern slopes, covering an area of 30 km&sup2;. It consists of thick lava flows, some lava domes on the western flank, a debris avalanche on the southern flank and two fans of pyroclastic flows (one of which Putre is built on) on the southern and southwestern flank. Between 25,000 and 9,000 the Socapave unit was emplaced; it consists of more lava domes on the western margin of Taapaca and another debris avalanche which cuts into these domes. This avalanche covers an area of 20 km&sup2; to a distance of 10 km and was apparently hot when it was emplaced. This collapse was triggered by the development of a cryptodome inside the volcano, and the town of Putre is constructed on the avalanche deposit. A pyroclastic eruption occurred, filling in gaps in the Socapave debris avalanche deposit and emplacing more material atop the southern fan of the Tajane unit.</p><br>
<p>While Taapaca was once considered an extinct volcano, further research has found eruptions during the Holocene. These gave rise to the Putre unit on the southern, central and southwestern slopes of the volcano. It consists of large lava domes on the eastern side of Taapaca, smaller domes on the southern side, and a pyroclastic sequence on the southern and southwestern slopes. This sequence consists of numerous block and ash flows along with blast deposits, which contain blocks and ash. The Putre unit also encompasses a pumice flow, lahars and layers of tephra. At least three pyroclastic eruptions occurred within the last 8,000 years, while tephra falls took place between 7,000 and 2,000 years ago, possibly linked to the eruption of lava domes.</p><br>
<p>The Global Volcanism Program lists eight separate eruptions of Taapaca during the Holocene, with the last eruption occurring 2,300 years ago around 320 BCE ± 50 years. Taapaca was reported in the early 20th century to be fumarolically active, but there are no recorded historical eruptions and present day activity is reflected only by hot springs.</p><br>
<h2>Threats and preparedness</h2><br>
<p>Most of the volcanoes in northern Chile are far away from towns and inhabited areas and thus their activity does not create significant human hazards. However, in the case of Taapaca the town of Putre is constructed on pyroclastic deposits of the volcano and is threatened by future eruptions of Taapaca. A highway (Chile Route 11 between La Paz and Arica) linking Bolivia with the Pacific Ocean is also in range on the southern flank, while the road to Visviri in Peru runs along the southwestern and western flanks. Additional areas within range of Taapaca are the towns of Socoroma and Zapahuira, as well as the Oruro Department in Bolivia. The danger is accentuated by the fact that Holocene activity has affected mainly the southwestern flank, where Putre is located. The recurrence interval of eruptions at Taapaca is about 450 years.</p><br>
<p>Future activity at Taapaca could result in further sector collapses when magma is injected into the edifice and deforms it, to the point that the volcano becomes unstable. Likewise, if lava domes are extruded onto the volcano they could generate block and ash flow and both primary and secondary pyroclastic flows. Eruptions between April and November when the volcano is covered by snow may generated lahars, as could rainfall during the wet season between December and March; the latter type of lahar happens frequently on present-day Taapaca owing to the steep slopes of the volcano, although it usually results solely in road damage.</p><br>
<p>The Chilean SERNAGEOMIN geological service monitors the volcano and shows a volcano hazard level for it. It also publishes a hazard map for Taapaca, which shows risk areas for lava bomb falls, pyroclastic flows and tephra fallout.</p><br>
<h2>Religion and mining</h2><br>
<p>Mountain worship is to this day practiced by Andean people. Climbers in 2002 discovered a figurine made of seashell on Taapaca&#39;s summit, such figurines were very important to the Inka people for rain rituals. The figurine was encountered within an outline made of rocks; further Inka ruins were discovered 200 m away from the summit on the northwest ridge. The figurine was probably emplaced to obtain a supply of water, seeing as the Inka believed that mountains controlled weather and thus the fertility of animals and plants. Taapaca was an Inka mountain sanctuary, and the mountain is to this day said to protect the community of Putre.</p><br>
<p>Taapaca has deposits of sulfur in its summit area. Starting in the 1930s the Empresa Azufrera Taapaca ("Taapaca Sulfur Company") active in Putre mined this sulfur on Taapaca, and Taapaca&#39;s crater became the site of the Cánepa and Cía mining camp. This mining activity employed a significant amount of the people in Putre.</p><br>
<p>Skiathos  is a city on the island of Skiathos in the Aegean Sea belonging to Greece. Skiathos town has a school, a lyceum, a gymnasium, many churches, banks, a post office, and a square. It has a port which shelters small boats and from where ferry services connect to Skopelos, Volos, Agios Konstantinos and the rest of Greece.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In Ancient times, the island played a minor role during the Persian Wars. In 480 BC, the fleet of the Persian king Xerxes was hit by a storm and was badly damaged on the rocks of the Skiathos coast. Following this the Greek fleet was held to stalemate with the Persian fleet at Artemisium but finally managed to destroy the Persian fleet at the Battle of Salamis. Skiathos remained in the Delian League until it lost its independence. The city was destroyed by Philip V of Macedon in 200 BC.</p><br>
<h3>Venetian Era</h3><br>
<p>In 1207 the brothers Geremia and Andrea Ghisi captured the island and built the Bourtzi, a small Venetian-styled fortress similar to the Bourtzi in Nafplio, on an islet just out of Skiathos town, to protect the capital from the pirates. But the Bourtzi was ineffective in protecting the population and in the mid-14th century the inhabitants moved the capital from the ancient site to Kastro, located on a high rock, overlooking a steep cliff above the sea at the northernmost part of the island. Kastro remained the only settlement of the island until the end of the Greek War of Independence, when the island&#39;s capital was relocated to the original site, where it still remains.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman Era</h3><br>
<p>In 1704 monks from Athos built the Evangelistria Monastery, Skiathos which played a part on the Greek War of Independence as a hide-out for Greek rebels. The first flag of Greece was created and hoisted there Skiathos in 1807. Several prominent military leaders. (including Theodoros Kolokotronis and Andreas Miaoulis), had gathered there for consultation concerning an uprising, and they were sworn to this flag by the local bishop.</p><br>
<p>During the 19th century Skiathos became an important shipbuilding centre in the Aegean due to the abundance of pine forests on the island. The pine woods of the island were then almost obliterated. This was brought to a halt though, due to the emergence of steamboats. A small shipwright remains north of Skiathos town, which still builds traditional Greek caïques.</p><br>
<h3>Modern Skiathos</h3><br>
<p>In 1964 Skiathos was designated by the Greek National Tourism Organisation as a development zone for tourism. The results of this decision have largely transformed the island, due to tourist-orientated construction projects. These include the construction of the coast road from Skiathos town to Koukounaries, the construction of Skiathos Airport in 1984 and the construction of the first large hotel over Koukounaries beach. Along the coast road many hotels have been constructed since the island became an important tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>There were protests in the early-2000s, one against mining in September 2002 as they were pushing away mining trucks which was owned by the municipality and another in 2004, a power line which would have connect hydro with the rest of the Sporades was also being protested due to the plan being in a forested area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The area around the villages and Skiathos Town are farmland. The island of Skopelos can be seen from Skiathos with the more distant islands of Euboea and Scyros also visible in clearer conditions.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>There is frequent bus connection from Koukounaries to Skiathos town with buses stopping approximately every 20 minutes, costing €1.50 to travel from one end of the island to the other. Taxis are also very cheap.</p><br>
<p>Skiathos is served by Skiathos National Airport</p><br>
<h2>Historical Population</h2><br>
<p>The Andrew Weisel House is a two-story Greek Revival cottage constructed of red brick and river stone. It was built in 1853 by mason Andrew Weisel and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Andrew Weisel House is a small Greek Revival cottage constructed from brick and river stone. Weisel was a stonemason born in 1882 in Germany who immigrated to St. Charles, Illinois in 1846. He probably worked for William Beith, the most prominent mason in St. Charles, who designed many residential and commercial structures in those times. Weisel married Beith&#39;s sister Isabella, and built this house for their family in 1853. The house was placed on the crest of a hill to gain a good vantage point of the Fox River. Weisel lived there until 1867, when he bought a farm on the other side of the river. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 26, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The riverstone is mostly used on the east elevation. The house is two stories tall, otherwise constructed with red brick. Windows and doors have stone lintels. The main entrance is on the west, though the door has been replaced with a paneled door. A second entrance on the east side has not been recently changed, though it is uncertain if it is original. On the south side, the porch has been fully enclosed with a batten wall and now served as a library and bathroom. All windows and door locations are original, with the exception of one window on the east end that has been enlarged.</p><br>
<p>The first floor features a stair hall, with three rooms on the north end, and a kitchen (plus the aforementioned library) on the south end. The staircase and its newel post and handrail are original. The original pine floors remain, but have been covered with oak flooring. Most walls and ceilings have been painted white. The second floor has three bedrooms and a main hall. These pine floors were also covered with oak. One bedroom has since been converted to a bathroom, and most walls and ceilings were painted white.</p><br>
<p>Eighteenmile Island is a 9.89 acre  island on the Oregon side of the Columbia River at river mile 174 in Wasco County, Oregon, United States. It is about a half mile  downstream of Mosier, Oregon and four miles  upstream of Hood River. It can be seen from Interstate 84, which runs along the Oregon side of the Columbia River, and from the Historic Columbia River Highway. A small rocky "island" downstream of Eighteenmile Island houses a navigational light. The island is mentioned in the journal of Meriwether Lewis, from the Lewis and Clark Expedition.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The small island is located in the Columbia River Gorge region. It was mostly barren, but features several douglas firs and willows, a basalt cliff, wildflowers, wild cherry trees, blackberry thickets, and a sandy beach. It is closer to the Oregon side of the river, and only a few hundred feet from its shoreline.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s only structure is a private residence, a three-story wood-frame house built in 1969. A line from the mainland supplies electricity to the island; drinking water must be filtered from the Columbia. The island can only be accessed by boat.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the 20th century it was popularly called Chicken Charlies Island, after Charles Reither, who lived on the island from 1915 until his death in 1963. There were not actually chickens on the island during Reithers residency, but there may have been a chicken ranch there around 1904. A 1919 tax survey indicates a "George W. Reither", Charles brother, lived on the island as well. Reither was given title to the island in 1922 from the Bureau of Land Management. It was officially referred to as "Eighteenmile Island" by the United States Geological Survey as early as 1934. It is still referred to as Chicken Charlies Island on some maps.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>Eighteenmile Island is one of very few remaining privately owned islands, such as Homestead Island in the Hanford Reach, on the Columbia River. Zoning prohibits further development on the island beyond the one existing house. In 2000 when the island was offered for sale, local and federal officials considered buying it to protect it, but deemed that unnecessary as the strict zoning would prevent unwanted development anyway.</p><br>
<p>The island and house were offered for sale again for $1.4 million in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Arcada Theatre Building is a theater in St. Charles, Illinois located on Main Street  further eastward). The theatre was opened on Labor Day, September 6, 1926, engaging projection of silent movies and the staging of live vaudeville acts. Except for brief periods of renovation, it has remained continuously open. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Arcada Theatre was built in 1926 by local millionaire and Chicago Tribune cartoonist Lester J. Norris. The new theatre was a $500,000 example of the Norris family’s confidence in the future of St. Charles. With only 5,000 residents in the town, more than 1,009 seats were installed.</p><br>
<p>Upon the Arcada’s grand opening, the public came in such large numbers that hundreds were unable to gain entrance. Chicagoans arrived by a special railway car to see the featured film "The Last Frontier" and the Vaudeville acts of Fibber McGee and Molly Lora. Patrons also heard a recital on the famous $25,000 Marr and Colton silver and red organ, which was adorned with carved flamingos.</p><br>
<p>The Arcada became known as one of the outstanding Vaudeville houses in the Fox River Valley. Many legendary stars have graced the stage, including George Burns and Gracie Allen, Judy Garland, Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy, Olivia DeHavilland, the John Phillip Sousa Band, Liberace, Mitzi Gaynor, Cornelia Otis Skinner, Vincent Price, Carol Channing, Jeanette MacDonald, Walter Slezak and the Von Trapp Family Singers.</p><br>
<p>In May 2005, Ron Onesti, president of The Onesti Entertainment Corporation (OEC), assumed ownership of its operations only. He does not own the Arcada Theatre building. Making use of its standing as a producer of entertainment shows in the United States, the OEC brought marquee performances typical of major city downtowns to the far western suburbs of Chicago.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Arcada Theatre is a 897-seat venue featuring its original pipe organ that rises from within the stage floor. Among other notable performers, The B-52&#39;s, Poi Dog Pondering, Mickey Rooney, Shirley MacLaine, Jerry Lewis, Dionne Warwick, Joan Rivers, Paul Anka, Kenny Rogers, Pat Benatar, Three Dog Night, Wayne Newton, Dana Carvey, Rich Little, Eric Burdon and Martin Short have been recent headliners. The theatre also functions a resource for community groups and local performers when not occupied by mainliner events.</p><br>
<p>Comedian Andrew Dice Clay recorded his Showtime special "Indestructable" at the theater in August 2012.</p><br>
<p>The City Building is a Registered Historic Place in St. Charles, Illinois. It was the first structure in the city built specifically for government use, and has served variously as town hall, police station, fire house, circuit court, and public works monitoring station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Charles, Illinois was first settled in 1833 and was incorporated as a city in 1874. In the early 1890s, it became apparent that the settlement needed a main government building from which to conduct affairs. Mayor A. H. Bennett commissioned the structure that year, authorizing the purchase of the property from B. T. Hunt for $1,500 in 1891. The St. Charles City Council approved the building on March 12, 1892, accepting a bid from local builder F. W. Alexander for $5,496. The building received its common name from the words "City Building" that were carved into the front of the structure. The building functioned as St. Charles city hall until 1941, and still housed police and fire services until 1962. The 16th Judicial Circuit Court also used the building in the 1950s and 1960s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 21, 1799.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The circular, brick City Building stands two stories tall, and is an example of eclectic influences on Victorian architecture. The building is adjacent to the Fox River (to the west) with its main entrance on the east side at 15 N. Riverside Avenue. The roof is hipped and features a bell tower on the southeastern side, capped with a Byzantine roof. Several shed dormer windows break through the main roof. The soffit is decorated with wood brackets. The front is split into three bays; the middle bay extends beyond the roof to create a large pediment. This dormer allows for an attic. The main set of double doors is beneath a stilted arch. Rectangular, double hung windows on the first floor are also beneath stilted arches, with two large windows north of the entrance and a large door (originally for fire engines) on the south. The second floor has symmetrical pairs of windows on either side of the main bay, with three smaller windows on the center bay. On the interior, a straight staircase leads to the second floor, splitting two large rooms on the first floor. The second floor is similarly split into two rooms, with two small rooms above the entrance.</p><br>
<p>The Garfield Farm and Inn Museum is a Registered Historic Place in Kane County, Illinois, United States. The property is a 375 acre farmstead, centered on an inn that served teamsters and the nearby community during the 1840s. It is currently a museum offering a variety of educational and entertainment events. The buildings that remain are three original 1840s structures, including the 1842 hay and grain barn, the 1849 horse barn, and the 1846 inn. Various other barns and outbuildings also stand, the last dated to 1906.</p><br>
<p>Garfield Farm & Tavern Museum is the only historically intact Illinois prairie farmstead and former teamsters&#39; inn being restored by donors and volunteers from over 3000 households in 37 states as an 1840s living history farm and inn museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Timothy Powers Garfield was a farmer, school teacher, brick maker and surveyor from Belmont, Vermont that purchased Pennsylvanian settler Sam Culbertsons 440 acre 1835 claim west of the Fox River in 1841. He farmed wheat (the cash crop of the 1840s), corn, hay, oats, livestock, and dairy. He and his wife Harriet (Frost) remodeled Culbertsons log house into a log tavern or inn. In 1846, they built a brick house serving as their home and tavern to serve guests traveling between Chicago and the Rock River Valley. A westbound stagecoach and mail coach routinely passed the tavern at 4PM, and the tavern provided an overnight resting spot for travelers and teamsters driving wheat to the Chicago port. The Garfield family charged each traveler 37 and a half cents to stay the night. As many as 54 guests joined the family of 9 one night in the 5 room log tavern before moving into the brick inn several months later. The Garfield Inn also became a popular local meeting place, holding monthly dances on Saturdays on the second floor of the tavern. Live music was hired for these events, which attracted as many as 100 couples at once.</p><br>
<p>Coming of the railroad in December 1849 was the death knell for tavern keeping. The farm shifted from wheat to dairy operations by the 1860s. A granddaughter, Elva Ruth Garfield, donated 163 acres and farm buildings in 1977 to the founding 501(c)3 nonprofit organizations, Garfield Heritage Society, Inc. and Campton Historic Agricultural Lands, Inc. to become a museum. Artifacts, furnishings, and family letters and documents survive because Miss Garfield&#39;s mother, Hannah Mighell Garfield, first voiced her idea for a making the house a museum in the 1890s. The Garfield Farm and Tavern received recognition by the United States Department of the Interior as a Historic Place on June 23, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Garfield Heritage Society is responsible for the day to day interpretation of the site and Campton Historic Agricultural Lands owns the bulk of the property. Both groups are responsible for the preservation of the buildings, lands, and history. The two nonprofits depend exclusively on donations and are currently seeking $3 million to complete restoration of the 24 historic structures at Garfield Farm and the adjacent 2nd generation&#39;s 1859 Edward Garfield/Mongerson Brothers Farmstead the project acquired in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Fourteen buildings form the Garfield Farm and Tavern on 237 acres. It is bordered by Campton Hills Drive to the north and Illinois Route 38 to the south, accessed via Garfield Road in Campton Hills, IL. The Garfield Cemetery owned by the nonprofit Campton Cemetery Association also lies along Garfield Road, used by the community since 1846. The tavern and house building was built by T. P. Garfield in 1846. The house was a red brick neoclassical with Federal Style details. The -story structure has a center door with sidelights and 2-over-2 windows (originally 12 over 8). Inside, a center hall has two rooms to the left (a ladies parlor and a bedroom, a barroom to the right with a (dining room) behind, and another(bedroom). The center hall on the second hall has a staircase leading to the third. The 3/4ths of this floor was used as an "L" shaped ballroom with a front corner bedroom. The third floor had a bedroom on either side of the center hall and storage. The first floor parlor had stairs leading to the basement, which was 8 ft deep. The taverns frame annex is one and a half stories, measuring 20 x. It was used as a kitchen with a summer kitchen and storage room for firewood, grain, equipment, and laundry. An 8 x recessed porch has half columns on its ends. The southeast wall had a brick chimney for use as a stove for the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>Four barns are standing on the grounds; the 1842 hay barn is 44 x, the 1849 horse barn is 28 x, the c. 1895 grain barn is 34 x, and the 1906 dairy barn is 34 x. A carriage house retains its historical integrity aside from a cement floor added in 1960s. A small chicken house (no longer extant)was built sometime after 1900, and a larger, six-sided chicken house (no longer extant)was built in the 1930s. The milk house (no longer extant) was built between 1915 and 1920 with cement blocks and four windows. The cement silo (1913) rises 50 ft high with an 18 ft diameter. After 1906, a wooden windmill was built to provide water for the farm and house, replaced in the late teens with a taller metal windmill tower. A cistern was built in the crawlspace under a western expansion in 1875 of the kitchen of the house. A 30 foot deep dug water well provides groundwater, and an outhouse also stands on the property.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Angie of Garfield Farm was printed in November 2014 and is a fictional children&#39;s chapter book using the names and basics facts about the farm. The story features 9-year old Angeline Garfield in 1847. The author is Ann Brack Johnson and it is illustrated by Pamela Hamilton.</p><br>
<p>Laguna de Cotacotani  or Quta Qutani  is a lake located in the Andean Altiplano of the Parinacota Province, Arica-Parinacota Region, Chile. It lies 4 km northwest of Chungará Lake, which is one of the highest lakes in the world and is surrounded by several volcanoes, such as the Payachata volcanic group , Sajama volcano and Wallatiri.</p><br>
<p>Cotacotani is separated from the lake Chungará by a strip of volcanic rock and receives groundwater inflow from that lake, however its major sources are Benedicto Morales River and El Encuentro Creek. Cotacotani Lake&#39;s main feature is the considerable number of islands and islets that it holds, which are really lava hummocks generated by a past volcanic event. With a surface of 6 km², the Cotacotani holds a volume of water between 30 to 40 million of m³, which empty through Lauca River into Coipasa Lake, in Bolivia.</p><br>
<p>Although much of its present hummocky topography is related to a large volcanic debris avalanche occurred in the zone, this lacustrine area was not originated by such event. Recent investigations suggests that Cotacotani originated as a series of kettle hole ponds.</p><br>
<p>Cotacotani lies close to the Route CH-11 which connects Arica and La Paz via Tambo Quemado International Pass. The lake is located about 54 km east of Putre and 9 km west of the border with Bolivia, within Lauca National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Selwyn Range  is a rugged mountain range near Mount Isa and Cloncurry in north-west Queensland, Australia, composed largely of Proterozoic metamorphic rocks. It is drained in the north by the Williams and Fullarton rivers, which run into the Gulf of Carpentaria, and in the south by the McKinlay River and its tributary, Boorama Creek which drain also into the Gulf of Carpentaria. The area is heavily mineralised, containing copper, gold, lead, and zinc, and is important for mining. It was formerly the home of the Kalkadoon people.</p><br>
<p>The climate of the Selwyn Range is tropical, monsoonal and semi-arid, with an erratic, mainly summer, annual rainfall of 380 mm. Vegetation cover is low eucalypt woodland and spinifex grassland.</p><br>
<p>Atwell Peak is a dramatic pyramid shaped volcanic peak located at the southern edge of Mount Garibaldi, British Columbia, Canada. Atwell Peak was formed during an initial period of volcanism 0.51-0.22 million years ago and was the source of many pyroclastic flows during Garibaldi&#39;s development. Frequent landslides on its west face drops steeply into the Cheekye River. Atwell Peak is often mistakenly called Mount Garibaldi when viewed from Squamish, since the main peak is hidden. The peak is usually climbed during winter or early spring when the rock is frozen because it is very loose and rotten. Atwell Peak contains three ridges, the north, east, and south. The two most visible routes are the north and south ridges.</p><br>
<p>Atwell Peak consists of three ridges, the north, east, and south. The east ridge connects with the north ridge about 100 horizontal metres north of the summit. All ridges, with the possible exception of the upper east ridge, are sharp and heavily corniced in winter and spring. The north ridge is the shortest climbing route. Several gullies on the southeast face offer moderate routes that eventually join one of the three ridges. The northeast face is the shortest of the peak&#39;s faces but has many bergschrunds.</p><br>
<p>Atwell Peak is part of the Garibaldi Massif which is an eroded stratovolcano formed during the last ice age. The volcano is also part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt which is a segment of the Canadian Cascade Arc, but it is not within the geographic boundary of the Cascade Range. It is located in the Garibaldi Ranges of the Pacific Ranges.</p><br>
<h2>Glaciers and icefield</h2><br>
<p>To the east of Atwell Peak lies the Garibaldi Névé ice field, which is a popular objective with the ski touring crowd. Two pocket glaciers lie right below the east side of the peak, the Diamond Glacier to the southeast and the upper Bishop Glacier to the northeast. Straight north of Atwell toward Mount Garibaldi lies a small, high-elevation ice cap called the Cheekye Glacier.</p><br>
<p>The Los Monjes islands, a federal dependency of Venezuela, are located to the northwest of the Gulf of Venezuela, 34.8 km off the coast of Guajira Peninsula, at the border between Colombia and the Venezuelan state of Zulia.</p><br>
<p>The islands consist of rocks rising steeply out of the sea, without any beaches or natural landing. The Venezuelan Navy maintains a base on El Sur, where it constructed a pier. The islands have no natural resources and must be supplied from the mainland. Fishing is the main activity around the islands, usually by fishing boats making the short trip from the Paraguaná Peninsula in Venezuela.</p><br>
<p>There are three islands or island groups, with a total area of 0.2 km²:</p><br>
<p>Monjes del Sur (12&deg;22&prime;N latitude, 70&deg;54&prime;W longitude) consists of the two largest islands, connected by an artificial dam. The southern of the two islands reaches a height of 70 m and has a lighthouse.</p><br>
<p>Monje del Este (12&deg;24&prime;N latitude, 70&deg;51&prime;W longitude), a small rock 5.3 km northeast of Monjes del Sur, reaches a height of 43 m.</p><br>
<p>Monjes del Norte (12&deg;30&prime;N latitude, 70&deg;55&prime;W longitude), is 12.3 km NNW of Monjes del Este, and consists of five small rocks, the largest one of which reaches a height of 41 m.</p><br>
<p>The George Lewis Seaton House, located at 404 South Royal Street in Alexandria, Virginia and listed in the National Register of Historic Places, is the former home of George Lewis Seaton, a nineteenth-century African-American civic and political leader.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Lewis Seaton was the first African-American legislator from Alexandria elected to the Virginia General Assembly. He was a wealthy man who tried to forge peace and understanding between the whites and blacks of his area. Seaton built several important buildings in Alexandria, including Odd Fellows Hall, the Seaton School for Boys, and the Hallowell School for Girls. He also helped found the Free School Society of Alexandria, the Colored YMCA, and the Colored Building Association. The two-story, three bay, side hall plan brick townhouse that stands on the property today was built by Seaton’s family after he died in 1881. They lived there into the 20th century, doing several renovations.</p><br>
<p>The Hunt House, formerly the Dunham–Hunt Museum, is a Registered Historic Place credited as being the oldest brick residence in St. Charles, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bela Thaxter Hunt was born in Abington, Massachusetts in 1812. He left the state in 1833 and settled in Illinois Fox River valley in 1836. Hunts brother was indirectly responsible for the decision to establish a settlement in the area now known as St Charles. Bela Hunt was instrumental in expanding the town, purchasing a lot of over 200 acres (the rest of the settlement totaled only 25 acres). Hunt oversaw the construction of the town&#39;s first frame building in 1836, and bought a small hotel in 1837, where the first election in St. Charles took place. He also built several other businesses in the downtown area, and was a bed salesmen in nearby Chicago. In 1841, he was elected the first Kane County Treasurer. Later that year, he established a linseed oil factory.</p><br>
<p>Hunt constructed this residence in 1841 from local brick from Pennys Brickyard (modern day Baker Park). In 1844, he entered the paper industry, building the first paper mill northwest of the Ohio River, eventually employing over 80 people. Hunt opened a tannery in 1850 and manufactured harnesses, boots, and shoes. For the latter part of his life, until 1890, he ran a hardware business. Hunt served as a major in the Civil War. Hunt died on October 23, 1908. Bela Hunts son Frank B. Hunt later served as the third mayor of St. Charles, and his grandson Edwin M. Hunt was the eleventh mayor.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Hunt family until it was sold to a member of the Dunham family (another early Kane County family) in 1980. After a restoration, the first floor was opened as a museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and donated to the city of St. Charles in 1986. In the 2010s, the city could no longer afford to pay for upkeep and maintenance, and placed the property up for sale.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was the initially in St. Charles to be constructed out of brick (other houses were wooden frame or log cabins). It is on the northwest corner of Third and Cedar Streets and was built in the Greek Revival style. The house remains consistent with original design due to the long span of time that it was in the possession of the Hunt family. The Hunt House is rectangular with a gable roof. The entrances on the front and rear are consistent with Greek Revival high style. Additions on the side and rear were added before 1855. A second story was added to the one-story addition before 1920, probably in the 1870s. Details on the fascia suggest Gothic Revival influence. The interior floor plan has not changed substantially since construction.</p><br>
<p>Odd Fellows Hall is a historic Odd Fellows hall located at Alexandria, Virginia. It is a 2 1/2-story, brick building. It was built in 1864 as a one-story building, and expanded to its present size in 1870. African-American orders like the black Odd Fellows allowed blacks to socialize and put their skills to good use. In 1870, black builder and politician George Seaton was hired to build the Odd Fellows meeting hall in Alexandria, Virginia. For decades the building was used to house the group and many of the social gatherings of the African-American community. In the 1980s the building was converted into condominiums. It is a three story brick building with decorative detailing and a slate mansard roof. The hall is currently a residential building.</p><br>
<p>The Charles B. Holt House is a rock house in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States. It was built by Charles B. Holt, with construction completed in 1926. Holt was a locksmith, furniture repairman, and carpenter. Holt and his wife Mary lived in the house until their deaths, at which time their son, Leroy Preston, and his wife, Asalie Minor Preston, moved in. Asalie was a prominent teacher all her life, and endowed the Minor-Preston Educational Fund.</p><br>
<p>The rock house still stands today, and is a reminder of the many contributions of African-Americans like Holt and the Prestons. The interior of the house has noticeably deteriorated but the owner of the building, The Legal Aid Justice Center, has agreed to preserve and restore the house. The stone house is surrounded in part by a stone wall, and the porch features columns. The house is said to have six rooms and a bath downstairs, four rooms and a bath upstairs, and a large basement. Holt’s name is carved into the front steps. The house is located at 1010 Preston Avenue across from Washington Park in Charlottesville, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Mount Zion is a historic Baptist church located at Charlottesville, Virginia. Although the current Mount Zion Baptist Church has only been in existence since 1884, the roots of the church are much deeper. The church began with a petition in 1864 to separate from the segregated white Baptist church, and the congregation was officially organized in 1867. Initially taking residence in the house of Samuel White, the congregation soon grew too large for the house, and in 1875 built a wooden church in the lot next door. In 1884, they finished the current, brick church that still stands today. The church was designed by George Wallace Spooner, who also helped rebuild the Rotunda at the University of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Rich in cultural history, the Mount Zion Baptist Church has seen more than just prayer. A social and political hub for African-Americans, it has seen the turbulent times of Jim Crow, the Civil Rights Movement, and Urban Renewal. The congregation is still in place today, and the church remains a pillar of strength and pride in the black community.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>A rare occurrence in antebellum Virginia, Maddens Tavern once functioned as a prime example of black entrepreneurship. The building was completed in 1840, and was run by a free black named Willis Madden. Before running his own business, Madden worked a variety of trades, including a blacksmith, distiller, cobbler, teamster, farm laborer, and nail maker. Using the money and experience earned from these jobs, Madden was able to buy eighty-seven acres in Culpeper County, and set up his business at the crossroads of Old Fredericksburg Road and Peola-Mills-Kellysville Road. The business included a four-room main building, a general store, a blacksmith wheelwright shop, and several other outbuildings and shed. The western half of the tavern contained the family living quarters, and the eastern portion consisted of a downstairs public room and a loft for overnight guests. The railroad developments of the 1850s hit Maddens enterprise hard, giving the business little time to recover before it suffered extensive damage during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The St. Charles Municipal Building is a Registered Historic Place located on the east bank of the Fox River in St. Charles, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The St. Charles Municipal Building was designed in 1940 by architects R. Harold Zook, best known for designing the art deco Pickwick Theater in Park Ridge, and his nephew D. Coder Taylor. Art deco was an inspiration for the Municipal Building, but the end result conformed more closely to the Moderne movement. The building was constructed on the former site of the St. Charles Fixture Mfg. Co., which was destroyed by fire in 1929. After the fixture building burned, Mr. and Mrs. Lester J. Norris purchased the land and held it with the plan to eventually build a new city hall. Mr. and Mrs. Norris donated the land to the City of St. Charles, and Col. Edward J. Baker donated the funds for the building. Baker and his niece Mrs. Norris were the heirs of the John W. Gates barbed wire and Texaco oil fortune and donated much to their community. Col. Baker was interested in history, and as a condition asked that the City of St. Charles open and support a history museum. A wing in the Municipal Building was dedicated to the history museum from 1940 until 2001 when the City moved the St. Charles History Museum from the Municipal Building to the historic McCornack Oil Co. gas station building that the City had acquired. The City of St. Charles continues to support and operate the St. Charles History Museum, remembering what Col. Baker asked all those years ago. The St. Charles Municipal Building was the first permanent building to exclusively use Fluorescent tube lighting, thanks to the efforts of R. A. Warren, the head of St. Charles Technical Laboratories. The building was dedicated on September 2, 1940. The original floor plan divided the structure into several city functions. The main entrance led to a general office with a waiting room for a bus stop and the city clerks office on the south end. The west end featured cashiers offices, and a lobby leading to the rotunda. North of the main office area was an office for the superintendent of public works and a police office. The rotunda led to the industrial museum. A staircase accessed just east of the tower led to the second floor, which was mainly the city council chamber. A storage room was also built into the south end, and the mayor and city committee had offices on the north end. The St. Charles Municipal Building was recognized by the U. S. Department of the Interior as a Historic Place on February 21, 1991. In 1998, a mural was painted and hung in the new atrium connecting the Municipal Building to the 1892 City Building depicting the history of St. Charles.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The St. Charles Municipal Building was built on the east bank of the Fox River on the north side of Illinois Route 64. Art Deco and Moderne buildings such as the St. Charles Municipal Building were designed with "simple cubic forms and flat surfaces" which were emphasized for their modernity. Art Deco (1925-1933) ornament has pronounced verticality and is mechanistic and linear in quality. Favored motifs are faceted surfaces, zigzags, chevron patterns, and octagon shapes. The Municipal Building has all these elements. The typical Moderne public building is low and chunky in proportions with a tall element carefully balanced by lower sections. Ornament is spare and abstract. The St. Charles Municipal Building is truly a Moderne building which promotes this striking style through its maintained high degree of architectural integrity. The distinction of being classified as Moderne instead of Art Deco lies in the fact that the Municipal Building is an example of the phase of design after 1930 in which buildings were drastically stripped of surface ornaments and windows were grouped in bands.</p><br>
<p>White Georgia Marble with a black granite base provides an exterior appearance for the Municipal Building which, in its geometric forms, shows a conscious modernity and artistic expression to compliment the machine age. The centerpiece of the building is an 84 foot tower. To support the structure, a limestone wall (cut from Indiana limestone) was built along the banks of the Fox River; the terrace on top of this structure features two fountains and a railing along the edge. Industrialization was emphasized in the building&#39;s program to provide an "Industrial Museum" in the north wing of the building (44 x) with a 16 foot high ceiling. The rest of the structure (66 x) is two stories, with a 10 foot ceiling on the first floor and a varying height ceiling on the second. The tower is a true octagon with a diameter of 31 ft. Stained glass windows feature on all sides of the rotunda, which is surrounded by an 8 foot canopy on the west that extends to the south side of the building. The interior has been maintained since its original floor plan.</p><br>
<p>The William Beith House, now known as the Beith House Museum, is a Registered Historic Place located in St. Charles, Il. It largely retains its original riverstone exterior, while many other local structures have been significantly altered or covered in stucco.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Beith immigrated from Scotland in 1843. Beith became a prominent local builder in Kane County, Illinois, who built this house from 1845 to 1850 for his family. The William Beith House is notable as one of the only riverstone houses of the 1850s remaining in St. Charles.</p><br>
<p>The Preservation Partners of the Fox Valley rescued the house in 1980 and restored it to operate as a museum of house preservation. Exhibits show mid-19th century decorative arts, and the techniques used to restore the interior features and exterior structure. The United States Department of the Interior recognized the house as a Historic Place on December 7, 1983. The home serves as the headquarters for Preservation Partners.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is a simple two-story Greek Revival design. The main door is on the east side, facing the Fox River. It is on the left side of the exterior, and is surrounded by windows to the right and above. The southern exposure has two windows on each floor, and the north side has one window on each floor. The west side also has two windows per floor. Two additional windows also originally adorned the main structure, but since have been filled in with brick. A small, one-story attachment was added at the time of original construction and also has an east-facing entrance.</p><br>
<p>The entrance hall (on the southeast) contains the main staircase with walnut railings, spindles, and newel post. The parlor room is to the right, a bedroom to the rear, and two other bedrooms to the west. The kitchen is in the one-story attachment. The second story entry hall links to three bedrooms (the center bedroom now functions as a bathroom). A basement holds a large brick cistern and a bricked-in opening. It is thought that this may have been a tunnel from the river to serve on the Underground Railroad; Beith was a noted local abolitionist.</p><br>
<p>The North East Island is the main island of the Snares Island group at 48&deg;01&prime;S latitude, 166&deg;36&prime;E longitude approximately 200 km south of New Zealand&#39;s South Island. The island forms a central triangle with peninsulas to the north, south and to the west and is some 3 by long by wide. Off the South Promontory lies Broughton Island, the second largest island in the group. South off the western peninsula coast lies the islet Alert Stack and off the North Promontory lies the North and South Daption Rocks.</p><br>
<p>The highest elevation of 130 m is at the western peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>North East Island&#39;s precipitation occurs mostly during the months of December–May, drier weather then settles in until December.</p><br>
<p>Skopelos  is the main town on the island of Skopelos. The island is located east of mainland Greece, northeast of the island of Euboea and is part of the regional unit of the Sporades in the region of Thessaly. It has a port and a small airfield.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In island legend Skopelos was founded by Staphylos (Greek for grape), one of the sons of the god Dionysos and the Princess Ariadne of Crete. Historically, in the Late Bronze Age Skopelos, then known as Peparethos, was colonized by Cretans who introduced viticulture to the island.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The economy of Skopelos is now fully dependent on the tourism industry which supports construction and other development related industries. Though tourism is greatest during the summer months, Skopelos is also a year-round retirement destination for Northern Europeans. Agriculture, once a staple of the local economy, is in decline though 2006 was a good year for olive oil production in Skopelos.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Automobile ownership in Greece between 1990 and 2004 increased by 121% Skopelos reflects this trend and the local authorities are hard pressed to deal with the increased traffic and parking issues. Along with the resident population of automobiles, the burden of tourist and summer resident vehicles and the availability of rental cars and motorbikes has created problems for which the local government has not yet found solutions. The construction of a large asphalt parking area along the waterfront in the late 1990s has done little to address the parking problems facing the town of Skopelos in the summer. During the summer the population of the island increases from about 5,000 to between 15,000 and 20,000 (est. 1993).</p><br>
<h2>Architectural Heritage</h2><br>
<p>The town of Skopelos was honored as a Traditional Settlement of Outstanding Beauty (19/10/1978 Presidential Decree 594,13-11/78, signed by President of Greece Konstantinos Tsatsos). This is the Greek equivalent of a site of Outstanding Architectural Inheritance. The building code for new construction and renovation within the village reflects some restrictions due to the Traditional Settlement decree. Some restrictions stipulate that no new buildings shall be of more than two stories, there must be a sloped cermamic or stone roof in the traditional style, and doors, windows and balconies be made of wood.</p><br>
<h3>Churches</h3><br>
<p>The island has more than 360 churches and chapels. Most are closed through the years except for the feast day of whom or whatever the church has been dedicated. Most have been privately built. The oldest existing ecclesiastical structure is the basilica of Agios Athanasios built in the 11th century and located in the Kastro area. All except one of the churches on the island observe the Greek Orthodox faith. The remaining church hosts a small enclave of Jehovahs Witnesses. Christianity was formalized in Skopelos by the appointment of the Bishop Riginos in the 4th Century A.D. Under the Reign of the Emperor Julian the Apostate, Riginos was martyred in 362 A.D. The Saints feast day is February 25 - a holiday on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Hagnon of Peparethus, Olympic victor in 568 BC</p><br>
<p>Red Lake is a lake located next to Navajo, New Mexico, in the Red Valley in McKinley County, New Mexico and Apache County, Arizona. The lake has a surface elevation of 7,150 ft. Navajo, New Mexico, lies on the southeast corner of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Red Lake is a small lake, only 3 mi long, and only half as wide. It is mostly north-south and is bordered on the east by Reservation Route 12, a north stretch from Window Rock, Arizona to Navajo, New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Red Lake is located on the eastern border of the long north-south Defiance Plateau, where Canyon de Chelly comprises its north, and the Chuska Mountains border to the northeast. Only the western fourth of the lake is in Arizona, and Red Lake is on the southwest foothills of the Chuska&#39;s with the beginning of Black Creek and other creeks and washes as inflows to the lake. From Red Lake, Black Creek flows due south on the central and southeast border of the Defiance Plateau. The north-south stretch of Black Creek, in Arizona, parallels the western border of New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Black Creek then turns southwest to meet the Puerco River, just southeast of Houck, southwest of Allentown, both on Interstate 40. The interstate follows the north side of the Puerco River in this stretch.</p><br>
<p>Union Station in Goldsboro, Wayne County, North Carolina was built between 1907 and 1909 at West Walnut and North Carolina Streets to serve the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, the Southern Railway, and the Atlantic and North Carolina Railway. The architectural design is credited to J.F. Leitner&#39;s firm, Leitner & Wilkins. It is a two-story brick building, seven bays wide and two bays deep, with a hip roof, flanked by one-story gabled brick wings. It features a three-story central tower and one-story front and rear porches.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The ACL operated trains on the former Wilmington and Weldon Railroad between Wilmington (the original headquarters of the ACL) and a point near Wilson, where a connection was made to the Richmond–Florida main line.</p><br>
<p>Southern operated trains from Goldsboro through Raleigh and Durham to Greensboro.</p><br>
<p>When the station was constructed, the A&NC was controlled by the Norfolk Southern Railway (NS). In 1935 the NS lost control of the A&NC, which was then operated as the Atlantic and East Carolina; it was acquired by the Southern in 1957.</p><br>
<p>The last passenger train to use Goldsboro Union Station was discontinued in 1968. The North Carolina Department of Transportation is studying the resumption of passenger service from Raleigh through Goldsboro to Wilmington. On August 17, 2007 NCDOT announced that it had purchased the station and would renovate it to serve as a multimodal transportation center.</p><br>
<p>The Old Shelby County Courthouse, also known as Columbiana City Hall, is a defunct courthouse in Columbiana, Alabama. It was built in 1854. It served as the courthouse for Shelby County until 1906 when a larger court facility was built. It also served as Columbiana&#39;s city hall. Since 1982, it has housed the Shelby County Museum and Archives and its operator, the Shelby County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1974.</p><br>
<p>In 1826, Columbiana, Alabama won an election against Montevallo, Alabama to house the courthouse. The people of Columbiana threw a huge celebration which involved the destruction of a tree sitting in the very spot they planned to move and build the courthouse. To destroy the tree, gunpowder was packed into holes that had been drilled into the tree. Once ignited, the blast was said to have been heard for miles. The wood building which was built following this celebration no longer stands and was replaced with the Old Shelby County Courthouse in 1854.</p><br>
<p>Erta Ale  is a continuously active basaltic shield volcano in the Afar Region of northeastern Ethiopia. It is situated in the Afar Depression, a badland desert area. Erta Ale is the most active volcano in Ethiopia.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Erta Ale is 613 m high, with one or sometimes two active lava lakes at the summit which occasionally overflow on the south side of the volcano. It is notable for holding the longest-existing lava lake, present since the early years of the twentieth century (1906). Volcanoes with lava lakes are very rare: there are only six in the world.</p><br>
<p>Erta Ale means "smoking mountain" in the local Afar language and its southernmost pit is known locally as "the gateway to Hell". In 2009, it was mapped by a team from the BBC using three-dimensional laser techniques, in order for the mapping team to maintain a distance and avoid the lakes&#39; searingly hot temperatures.</p><br>
<p>Erta Ale is centered over the East African Rift system, which is a triple junction setting whose movements are resulting in the formation of a pull-apart basin or rift. The volcano comprises mainly Mafic material which has been brought up to the surface caused by unroofing of the mantle due to this rift formation.</p><br>
<p>There was a major eruption on 25 September 2005 which killed 250 head of livestock and forced thousands of nearby residents to flee. There was further lava flow in August 2007, forcing the evacuation of hundreds and leaving two missing. An eruption on 4 November 2008 was reported by scientists at Addis Ababa University.there was also one in 2009.</p><br>
<p>, Ethiopian News Agency website. Retrieved 20 January 2010. Another eruption was reported in January 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Travel to Erta Ale</h2><br>
<p>Not much is known about Erta Ale and the surrounding terrain is some of the most inhospitable on Earth making travel difficult and dangerous. The Afar region also experiences intermittent ethnic violence due to unification struggles by the native Afar people. On January 16, 2012, a group of European tourists was attacked at Erta Ale. Five tourists were killed, two taken as hostages and seven others wounded. The Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front (ARDUF) claimed responsibility for the attack and released the two kidnapped tourists in March 2012. One travel guide recommends hiring "one or maybe two armed guards or police" as guides to visit Erta Ale. Commercial tour companies offer tours to Erta Ale which are generally accompanied by military escort.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The lava lake on Erta Ale was shown briefly during the 2010 movie Clash of the Titans during the journey sequence where Perseus travels to the underworld.</p><br>
<p>The Batavia Institute is a Registered Historic Place in Batavia, Illinois, USA.</p><br>
<h2>Batavia Institute</h2><br>
<p>Batavia Institute, a private academy, was chartered on 12 February 1853 by 13 men, including Rev. Stephen Peet, the Congregational minister, Elijah Shumway Town, Joel McKee, John Van Nortwick, Dennison K. Town, who settled in Batavia in 1839 as its first physician, and Isaac G. Wilson.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s central part, which still stands in Batavia at 333 South Jefferson Street, at Union Avenue, was constructed in 1853–1854 of locally quarried limestone at a cost of $20,000. The architect Elijah Shumway Town designed the building in a Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>At the time the Batavia Institute was built, there were no secondary schools in Batavia. In fact, since not many towns had high schools, students came to the Batavia Institute from all over Illinois. The school operated for over 10 years under the supervision of the area&#39;s Congregational churches until new public school laws lessened the need for such a school. For a short time the building was rented to the public schools.</p><br>
<h2>Proposed normal school</h2><br>
<p>Using the Batavia Institute as the basis for its proposal, Batavia submitted a bid for the Illinois normal school in 1857. A normal school or teachers college is an educational institution for training teachers. Its purpose is to establish teaching standards or norms, hence its name. The State of Illinois passed an act to establish a normal school on 18 February 1857—the second west of the Appalachian Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Bids were opened by the State Board of Education in Peoria on 7 May 1857. The first proposition on the agenda was from Batavia, which offered a subscription of $15,000, with the land and building belonging to the Batavia Institute, valued at $30,000, making $45,000 in all. Washington, in Tazewell County, Bloomington, and Peoria submitted proposals, as well. After considerable discussion, a resolution was adopted locating the new university at Bloomington—actually north of town at the village of North Bloomington, which was renamed Normal in 1865, for the school. Illinois State University celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Bellevue Place</h2><br>
<p>The building and grounds of the Batavia Institute were sold in 1867 to Dr. Richard J. Patterson, who, as proprietor and medical superintendent, operated it as a private rest home and sanitarium for women, called Bellevue Place. The sanitarium operated until July 1965. The most notable patient was Mary Todd Lincoln, widow of USA President Abraham Lincoln, who was a patient for several months in the summer of 1875.</p><br>
<h2>Fox Hill Home</h2><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the building was converted to a residential facility for unwed mothers called the Fox Hill Home. The Fox Hill Home operated into the 1970s when the building fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<h2>Bellevue Place Apartments</h2><br>
<p>In the middle of the 1980s, the building was once again named Bellevue Place and converted into apartments.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Place on 13 August 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Batavia Depot Museum is a museum in Batavia, Illinois that was once the town&#39;s Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad Depot. It was the first of many depots built by the company. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q) was established in the 1850s to rival the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad (C&GU). The new railroad was constructed due to growing concern that the cities of Batavia and Aurora would have an economic downfall since the C&GU bypassed both settlements. The railroad station in Batavia was the first constructed by the CB&Q, and as such, the company took extra care to make it stand out architecturally.</p><br>
<p>The wood structure stands two stories tall with red, vertical panels. Originally 22 by, a four-room extension was added to the ground floor in 1868. The main structure has a gable roof with Gothic brackets while the extension has a flat roof. The station was later abandoned by the CB&Q, who preferred to maintain only a direct route through Aurora. The station was moved to its current location in 1973 in an effort to preserve it. Renovations were made to restore the building to its 1919 appearance (which was likely very similar to the original). The building was placed on a new cinder block foundation. The new lot also had a basement for a furnace to keep the building open during the winter. The Fox River now lies to the building&#39;s east. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 6, 1979.</p><br>
<p>Luther Water is a generally southerly flowing river in Aberdeenshire, Scotland that discharges to the River North Esk; this watercourse rises in the Howe of the Mearns somewhat south of Drumelzie Forest. Draining chiefly agricultural lands, this stream has a notable lack of turbidity and a pH level of approximately 8.26 measured near the Mains of Luther. Turbidity has been measured at 70 centimetres by the Secchi disc protocol. summer temperatures are approximately 16 degrees Celsius and electrical conductivity is 21 micro-siemens per centimetre. Armouring of the stream bottom consists of small rounded stones varying typically from about one centimeter to four centimeters in diameter, some of which are quartzite in composition, leading to a golden-green effect in some locations. Other nearby watercourses discharging to the North Sea include Cowie Water to the north.</p><br>
<p>Bremo Slave Chapel, constructed in 1835 and located in Bremo Bluff, Virginia, United States, is the only slave chapel known to exist in the Commonwealth of Virginia. This Gothic Revival structure originally served as a place of worship for the slaves at the Bremo Plantation of General John Hartwell Cocke. Cocke was deeply concerned with the religious and moral state of his slaves, which drove him to construct this chapel.</p><br>
<p>The building was moved in the late 19th century from its original location on the plantation and is now used as the parish hall for the Grace Episcopal Church in Bremo Bluff. Bremo Slave Chapel was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register in December 1979 and the National Register of Historic Places in March 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although John Hartwell Cocke owned slaves at Bremo Plantation, he was opposed to the institution in principle and believed it was his obligation as their master to instruct his slaves and eventually return them to the African continent. Cocke first constructed a brick structure on the plantation in 1825 for his slaves, who had been gathering for worship as early as 1821.</p><br>
<p>In 1834, Cocke began constructing the schoolhouse-style building and hired a student from Princeton Theological Seminary to teach his slaves. However, the instructor left by September 1835 because of local public outcry against teaching slaves. Cocke had been publicly confronted and badly beaten that year for his efforts. Teaching literacy to slaves was illegal at that time in the state. Cocke later recruited young Presbyterian minister Courtland Van Rensselaer to minister to his slaves. Van Rensselaer dedicated the chapel on behalf of the slaves in November 1837.</p><br>
<h3>Post-abolition use</h3><br>
<p>The chapel was no longer used for some time after the American Civil War. In 1881, Cary Charles Cocke, William Cocke and Charles E. Cosby purchased land in Bremo Bluff that would become the present site of the chapel. By February 14, 1884, the building had been moved east from Chapel Field in Lower Bremo to the village center of Bremo Bluff, where it was consecrated as Grace Church by Episcopal Bishop Alfred M. Randolph. Services were held at this location until a newer brick church was built in 1924 and the chapel was moved a short distance to the north, where it was severely damaged by a falling tree the following year. After substantial reconstruction, it has since been used as the parish hall.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The identity of the architect is uncertain, but is presumed by the Virginia Department of Historic Resources to be John Hartwell Cocke. The rectangular brick foundation is arranged in a stretcher bond. The building measures 24 ft by 43 ft, and is covered by a simple gable roof with slate shingles and three chimneys. The exterior walls utilize board and batten construction. The main entrance on the east side features Gothic double doors; the chapel&#39;s sash windows are similarly arched. The interior includes an auditorium, a sanctuary, and a kitchen in the back. The building underwent significant modification during its move in the late 19th century and a vestry was added in the 20th century. Brick facing and steps with an iron railing were added to the front of the chapel in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Zion Poplars Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church located near Gloucester, Gloucester County, Virginia. It was built in 1894 during the Reconstruction Era, and served more than just religious functions. As one of the oldest independent African American congregations in Gloucester County, Virginia, the church also served the economic and educational needs of its community. It was built in the Gothic Revival style with vernacular detailing, attributed to the handiwork of Frank Braxton, a former slave. The church gained its name from the historical origins of the church and congregation, because the first services were held under seven united poplar trees. Four of these trees still stand on church grounds today.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Berry Hill Plantation, also known simply as Berry Hill, is a historic plantation located on the west side of South Boston in Halifax County, Virginia, United States. The main house, transformed c. 1839 into one of Virginia&#39;s finest examples of Greek Revival architecture, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1969. The surviving portion of the plantation, which was once one of the largest in the state, is now a conference and event center.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Berry Hill is located on a site that is now about 650 acre in size, between River Rd. and the Dan River on the west side of South Boston. The main house is a two story brick structure, finished in stucco and topped by a gabled roof. The main facade is in emulation of the Parthenon, with eight massive Doric columns supporting an entablature and fully pedimented gable.</p><br>
<p>With some 3,600 acre at its height, the plantation was one of the largest in Virginia. The plantation has one of the largest slave cemeteries in Virginia, holding the graves of more than two hundred slaves, and includes well-preserved slave quarters.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was originally owned by Isaac Coles, who began using slaves in 1802. In 1814 and 1841, the plantation changed owners, finally ending up under the control of James Coles Bruce in 1832. Bruce is credited with transforming the existing 18th-century brick plantation house then standing into the Greek Revival mansion seen today. Bruce is believed to have consulted with architect John E. Johnson, who designed Staunton Hill, the mansion of his half-brother.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The main house is now the centerpiece of the Berry Hill Resort and Conference Center, which provides accommodations and event facilities for weddings and corporate events.</p><br>
<p>Aberdeen Gardens is a national historic district located at Hampton, Virginia, United States. The district was part of a planned community initiated by Hampton University under New Deal legislation. The neighborhood is listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places. The district encompasses 157 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The community was designed for the resettlement of African American workers in Newport News and Hampton. It was the only such Resettlement Administration community for blacks in Virginia. The seven streets within the community, excluding Aberdeen Road, are named for prominent African Americans: (1) Lewis Road, (2) Weaver Road, (3) Walker Road, (4) Mary Peake Boulevard, (5) Davis Road, (6) Russell Road, and (7) Langston Boulevard. The community is a 440 acre subdivision, including 158 single-family homes, one school, and a commercial center. The community started construction in 1934 and was finished three years later, in 1937.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>In 1994, the community was listed as a historic district on the Virginia State Register of Historic Landmarks as well as the National Register of Historic Places. It is also part of the Hampton Roads history tour, the plaque for which reads:</p><br>
<p>"Built by Negroes for Negroes, Aberdeen Gardens began in 1934 as the model resettlement community for Negro families. It was the only such community in the United States designed by a Negro architect (Hilyard R. Robinson) and built by Negro contractors and laborers. Aberdeen Gardens is composed of 158 brick houses on large garden lots, a school, and a community store, all within a greenbelt. The streets, excepting Aberdeen Road, are named for prominent Negroes. Aberdeen Gardens offered home ownership and an improved quality of life in a rural setting. In 1994 this nationally significant neighborhood was listed as a Virginia landmark and in the National Register of Historic Places, through the efforts of former and current residents."</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Aberdeen Gardens Heritage Committee. Aberdeen Gardens. Mount Pleasant: Arcadia Publishing (2007).</p><br>
<p>Little England Chapel  was founded by George C. Rowe. Mr. Rowe, a printer at Hampton Institute, began the Sunday School with three Newtown children, in a small section of his home. The Sunday School became so popular that they needed more space to hold the Bible sessions.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1869, Daniel F. Cock set aside a triangular plot of thirty-five acres divided into thirty-three lots to be sold to blacks persons. This area was named "Cocks Newtown. In March 1870, the first six lots were sold at fifty dollars each. The last was sold in 1910. During this same period, blacks also purchased lots of comparable size at the same price from Charles Smith, Edward Whitehouse, and William N. Armstrong, brother of Samuel Armstron Principal of Hampton Institute. These lots were close to "Cocks Newtown" or close to the area where the Little England Chapel now stands. Subsequently, "Newtown" was applied to the entire black community.</p><br>
<p>In 1878, a large open arbor was built with ten rows of seating for academic and Sunday School classes on the property of Daniel Cock. The number of attendees grew to over 500 – too many to be accommodated in the open arbor. During that same summer Mr. Rowe, met with William N. Armstrong, who offered the use of a small piece of land along Ivy Home Road, if the residents in the neighborhood would contribute toward the support of a day school teacher. The money was raised and the chapel opened in 1879. Students from Hampton Institute not only designed but built the school house the work was overseen by William Armstrong.</p><br>
<p>By 1886, the chapel had become self-supporting and had grown from three to seventy children. The children of the chapel participated in missionary work for the community. As late as 1910, students from the institute rowed across the Hampton River to teach classes. In later years, they would travel by horse and buggy and the "School Chariot", a black shiny carriage drawn by two white horses. The students would serve as missionaries of the chapel for over fifty years.</p><br>
<p>Rock Run School was built as a one-room school house in the late 19th century. Today it is regarded as offering a strong insight into the state of black education in the years between the USA Civil War and Brown vs. Board of Education. This Henry County, Virginia school soon added another room, and operated as an educational institution until the mid-1950s, when it was consolidated into a larger segregated school. Similar to most other black schools, Rock Run School was painfully underfunded throughout its history, stunting the development and materials available to the school.</p><br>
<p>The application of the registry gives this summation: "The Rock Run School served the African American community of Rock Run in rural Henry County, Virginia from the post-Civil War Reconstruction Period of the early 1880s through the mid-20th century. It is a highly significant vestige of the educational history of Southside Virginia, the rural south, and the black population of late 19th-mid-20th century Henry County. Although in overall poor condition, the school has not been altered over the years or damaged in any substantial way. As such, its historic integrity is remarkable, and its potential for restoration appears promising. It is a rare and irreplaceable surviving example of an educational institution that served African Americans, because it represents several phases in the evolution of African American education in Virginia."</p><br>
<p>"Frank Agnew, a student at Rock Run School in the 1940s, restored the school with funds from the Harvest Foundation."</p><br>
<p>Unlike most log rural schoolhouses of the time, the Rock Run School was constructed as a frame building. Although the means of construction Rock Run are unknown, it is most likely that the parents and students themselves helped build the school, contributing supplies and labor because of the lack of government funding.</p><br>
<p>Beaver Creek Plantation, under the ownership of George Hairston, was a large slave-holding tobacco plantation and the center of an empire in tobacco-growing and slave-trading built by the Hairston family, Scottish emigrants to Pennsylvania in the early 18th century. Located just outside today’s Martinsville, Virginia, the plantation thrived in tobacco production and textile manufacturing, as well as producing household goods and raising livestock. At one point the enslaved blacks of Beaver Creek were tending a thousand yam plants; in one day they made 660 candles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Beaver Creek was built in 1776 by George Hairston, son of Robert Hairston and Ruth Stovall Hairston, on a 30,000-plus acre royal land grant initially purchased from Col. Abram Penn. The original house was destroyed by fire in 1837 and was rebuilt by George Hairston&#39;s son Marshall, whose profile according to family legend was incised on a window of the home when he was struck by lightning. The house was rebuilt using virgin oak from nearby Henry County forests.</p><br>
<p>Much of the plantation’s rich slave history remains intact, and stories of unusual slaves are well documented and accessible. Often noted is the tale of Sam Lion, a field hand on the plantation. Over the years, Lion had earned enough extra money to buy his own woodworking tools. However, when a new overseer asked to borrow one of the tools, Lion refused. The overseer attacked him, and Lion killed the man with a shovel he was using to chop kindling. Lion fled the plantation, and hid in a nearby forest for two months. Eventually, unwilling to go North without his family, Lion turned himself in. He was sentenced to hang, and was shot while trying to escape.</p><br>
<p>Like Lion, other slaves were able to earn small amounts of money outside of their daily duties. Ned and Clem, two wagon masters, earned money by hauling extra loads for other planters. Clem was also a beekeeper, and amassed enough savings to buy his own honey press, which cost $10 and two gallons of honey.</p><br>
<p>Although slave rebellions were typically few, Beaver Creek was almost home to such an uprising. In 1812, a slave named Tom murdered a neighbor of George Hairston’s plantation. Through his confession, Hairston discovered a plot to poison himself and neighboring slaveholders, a rebellion that would have been disguised by an expected British attack in the area.</p><br>
<p>Builders of Beaver Creek, the Hairston family eventually came to control tens of thousands of acres of land in Virginia, North Carolina and elsewhere across the South. Initially planters of tobacco, the family eventually became the largest slaveholders in the South: the engine of their extraordinary wealth (they were said to be one of the wealthiest families in America) was the propagation of slaves for export to the Deep South. The family married into other prominent local families, including several intermarriages with the descendants of General Joseph Martin, for whom Martinsville is named. George Hairston, who married his cousin Matilda Martin, daughter of Col. William Martin and Susan (Hairston) Martin, represented the district in Congress.</p><br>
<p>The Hairston family descends from Peter Hairston, who left Scotland for America, initially locating in Pennsylvania and eventually moving south to Virginia in the 1740s.</p><br>
<p>Ultimately, the fallout from the Civil War, chiefly the emancipation of slaves, put an end to the Hairstons booming business and the familys fortunes dwindled. At the center of the Plantation is the Hairston’s classical revival mansion. Although the plantation was founded in 1776, the present house was not built until 1837, to replace the original home destroyed in a fire. Today, the house is owned by Bank Services of Virginia, and the home and gardens are usually open to the public during the Historic Garden Week in Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The Anne Spencer House, in Lynchburg, Virginia, United States was, from 1903 to 1975, the home of Anne Spencer, a poet of the Harlem Renaissance.</p><br>
<h2>House overview</h2><br>
<p>The Pierce Street House was built in 1903, by Edward Spencer and the surrounding area includes a large garden and a one-room retreat called Edankraal, where Spencer did much of her writing. The word "Edankraal" is a combination of "Edward," "Anne," and "kraal," the Afrikaans word for enclosure or corral. The house is a two-story modified Queen Anne style, shingle residence. Its two-bay facade is divided equally between a recessed section, covered with a hipped roof, and a slightly projecting gable-roofed bay to the right. On the first floor, one can find a living room, dining room, sunroom, front hall, and kitchen. The second floor includes four bedrooms, a full bath, and a sunroom. The third floor, which is not generally open to the public, was originally a "man cave" for Edward featuring a pool table and half bath, but later became another area for the Spencer&#39;s grandchildren.</p><br>
<p>The house was modified periodically as the family grew and their social lives expanded. Edward creatively recycled used materials, incorporating windows, doors, handrails, or other cast-off materials into useful components for his home. A screened porch was eventually enclosed as a cozy den, and the lattice from the porch was re-used to make an entry into the garden. Guggenheimer&#39;s Department Store in downtown Lynchburg, Virginia had no more use for some sheets of copper that were in a window display. Edward used the copper to cover, shape, and enhance the recessed paneling below the chair rail of the dining room. Bright, red leather, padded doors, originally part of the all-black Harrison Movie Theater on Fifth Street in Lynchburg, Virginia, were re-used in the kitchen and led to a side porch. Massive, oversized banister stair railings were salvaged and re-used in the attic “dormitory room” Edward re-furbished for the visiting grandchildren in later years. He also installed a second bathroom there, which is modestly screened only with a simple hand-drawn curtain.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It is located in the Pierce Street Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Spencer in Lynchburg</h2><br>
<p>Anne Spencer was the first Virginian and first African-American to have her poetry included in the Norton Anthology of American Poetry. She was also a committed activist for equal rights, and her house also served as a political center of the community. Spencer and her husband Edward had petitioned to start a local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and hosted James Weldon Johnson in their home as he assisted in creating the chapter.</p><br>
<p>The Spencers entertained other notable figures such as Langston Hughes, Marian Anderson, George Washington Carver, Thurgood Marshall, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and W. E. B. Du Bois.</p><br>
<p>The Campana Factory is a historic building in Batavia, Illinois. It was built in 1936 to serve as a factory for The Campana Company, which produced Italian Balm, the most popular hand lotion in the United States during The Great Depression. The Streamline Moderne and Bauhaus building features many innovative technologies, such as air conditioning. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Campana Company was a manufacturer of hand lotion, most notably Italian Balm, and other beauty products. Despite the economic hardships of The Great Depression, Campana was prosperous due to an aggressive radio advertising campaign featuring commercials on several hit shows, including The First Nighter Program. Campana also advertised by mailing millions of free samples to potential customers. The company was successful enough to warrant a new factory in 1936. The factory was intended to use the latest technologies and architectural styles to promote its products.</p><br>
<p>The Bauhaus and Art Deco inspired building was three stories tall with a central tower rising 100 ft. The building is in a long, horizontal block, and the third story is half as long as the other two. The floors alternate between tile and glass brick with no mullions. The glass bricks provide interior lightning in lieu of full windows. Horizontal bands of turquoise tile stretch around the building, with vertical bands rising up the tower. The Campana logo is written in gold leaf above the main entrance and in a large, red neon sign near the top of the tower.</p><br>
<p>Inside, fluorescent lights provide lightning to areas not nearby glass brick. Most walls are painted white or are tiled. The east side of the building was used as a visitors&#39; gallery, where Campana executives could give tours of the building and its product without disturbing the workers. The manufacturing floor was visible through large plate glass windows from this wing. The interior of the tower housed a 50,000 gal water tank for fire protection and air conditioning. The frieze in the lobby featured Art Deco depictions of nudes.</p><br>
<p>The building was one of the first to be completely air conditioned. As a consequence, operational windows were considered unnecessary and were never added. Its automated assembly lines and mechanical mixers were considered to be state-of-the-art technologies. Cosmetic ingredients were dropped from the third floor to the second floor to be mixed. The company also moved its administrative offices in the building. Desks were established in rows to maximize space, a new idea at the time, but now one of the most common methods of desk arrangement.</p><br>
<p>A glass block wing was added to each end of the first floor in the 1940s and is the only major addition since the plant opened. The Campana Company was purchased by Dow Chemical of Midland, Michigan in the early sixties which allowed it to function as a separate unit. Because Campanas president, I. Willard Crull, was asked to briefly serve as Dows interim president, he was afforded time to shop around Campana so that it would be kept intact by its future owner. California headquartered Purex subsequently bought Campana in the mid sixties, made Crull its vice president for health-care products and toiletries. Purex moved all operations out of state after Crull&#39;s retirement in the mid 1970s and the factory is now closed. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 6, 1979. It is now the home of All Dressed Up Costumes.</p><br>
<p>The First Methodist Church of Batavia is a historic building in Batavia, Illinois. It functioned as a Methodist church until the 1880s. The building was then converted into the McWayne School Annex, which held classes until 1978. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Batavia, Illinois was first settled in the 1830s. In 1834, Henry Lyon and Allison Speer were the first two Methodists to move to the village. A third Methodist, William VanNortwick, arrived a year later and allowed church services to be held in his house. As Batavia grew, the size of the congregation became too large to hold in a single house, and plans were made to construct a church building. The First Methodist Church of Batavia was constructed in 1852 for $6,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1854, Reverend E. H. Gammon was named the first minister. Gammon later accumulated much wealth in agricultural machinery and offered funds for the construction of a newer church. Upon the completion of the new United Methodist Church of Batavia, the original church building was sold to the Batavia Community School District. The old building was re-purposed as the McWayne School Annex and it was used as a school. In 1978, the school district opened two new schools and intended to destroy the McWayne School Annex. The plans were cancelled that year when it was purchased by the Buttrey-Wulff-Mamminga Agency, Inc. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 19, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Greek Revival structure was built of locally quarried limestone. The building retains its original wood gable, but it has been covered with asphalt for economic reasons. The bell tower was removed when it was converted into a school. Doric pediments adorn the north and south ends of the building. The interior features eight wooden columns.</p><br>
<p>The Bush House Hotel was located in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1868-69 and burned down on February 8, 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bush House was built by Bellefonte attorney and developer Daniel G. Bush in 1868-69. At the time, it was reported to be one of the largest hotels in Pennsylvania outside of Philadelphia. Thomas Edison stayed there while bringing electricity to the town. The Bush House also served other famous guests, such as Henry Ford and Amelia Earhart.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, the building was sold and soon after renamed the Penn Belle Hotel. The hotel returned to its original "Bush House" name in 1974. Over the years, portions of Bush House were converted to residential apartments. It was also home to several different restaurants and taverns.</p><br>
<p>It was a contributing property to the Bellefonte Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Nistowiak Falls, at 10 m, is one of the highest waterfalls in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. The falls are on the Rapid River, which flows north from Iskwatikan Lake into Nistowiak Lake on the Churchill River. Nistowiak is a Cree word referring to the convergence of waters.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The closest access is from the Stanley Mission Indian Reserve #157, part of the La Ronge Indian Band. Stanley Mission is at the north end of Highway 915, which connects via Highway 102 to Highway 2 in La Ronge. From Stanley Mission, it is about 20 km east by water on the Churchill River. The falls, Iskwatikan Lake and the south shore of Nistowiak Lake are within Lac La Ronge Provincial Park. There is a tourist fishing camp on the west side of the Rapid River at Nistowiak Lake called "Jim&#39;s Camp". Some minimal supplies can be obtained there. The trail to the falls goes through the fishing camp for part of the way. Lac la Ronge drains into the Churchill River through these falls.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>Roaring Fork is a stream in the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee, located in the Southeastern United States. Once the site of a small Appalachian community, today the stream&#39;s area is home to the Roaring Fork Motor Nature Trail and the Roaring Fork Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Like many mountain streams, Roaring Fork is volatile. While the stream presents as a peaceful trickle on any given day, it quickly becomes a raging whitewater rapid after a mild rain shower. The "roar" of the water is amplified by its echo on surrounding mountain ridges.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The source of Roaring Fork is located nearly 5,000 ft up along the northern slopes of Mount Le Conte, where several small springs converge. The highest of these springs, known as Basin Spring, provides the water source for LeConte Lodge. From its source, Roaring Fork drops 2,500 ft over just two miles (3 km), spilling over Grotto Falls and absorbing Surry Creek before steadying in a narrow valley between Mount Winnesoka and Piney Mountain. The mouth of Roaring Fork is located at the northern end of Gatlinburg, where it empties into the West Fork of the Little Pigeon River.</p><br>
<p>The Roaring Fork valley is underlain by Precambrian sandstone of the Ocoee Supergroup, a rock formation formed from ancient ocean sediments nearly a billion years ago. Roaring Fork Sandstone is found throughout the mid-level elevations of the northern Smokies, and is especially common in Greenbrier to the east and the Sugarlands to the west. Over thousands of years, erosional forces have carried boulders composed of this sandstone down from boulder fields located higher up along the mountain ridges. This process has left the streambed of Roaring Fork and the flats in the Roaring Fork valley virtually covered with sandstone rocks of all sizes. Farmers who lived at Roaring Fork, the Sugarlands, and Greenbrier were continually moving and stacking these rocks, creating the characteristic rock walls that still criss-cross these areas today.</p><br>
<h2>Roaring Fork Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Between 1800 and 1810, the first permanent Euro-American settlers arrived in the White Oak Flats area around what is now Gatlinburg. In the following decades, their descendants spread out into the surrounding coves and valleys. Richard Reagan (1776–1829), the son of one of these pioneers, settled on a large plot of land just south of Gatlinburg along LeConte Creek. Some of Reagans children settled to the west in the Sugarlands, while some of them moved east to the hollow along Roaring Fork, which was then known as "Spruce Flats." By 1900, three of Reagans grandsons, Alfred Reagan (1856–1928), Aaron Reagan, and John H. Reagan were still farming along the stream, just above Gatlinburg.</p><br>
<p>The Bales family settled in the upper section of Roaring Fork sometime in the 1830s or earlier. Caleb Bales (1839–1913), apparently a son or nephew of the first Bales to settle on Roaring Fork, owned a farm just south of the Reagan lands. Caleb&#39;s sons Jim Bales (1869–1939) and Ephraim Bales (1867–1936) would spend most of their lives on Roaring Fork farming land inherited from their father.</p><br>
<p>As the Bales and Reagan families lived on adjoining lands, its no surprise that they intermarried. Caleb Bales married one of Richard Reagans granddaughters, Elizabeth, in 1861. Ephraim Bales married a great-granddaughter of Richard Reagan, Minerva, in 1889. Caleb&#39;s daughter, Martha, married Alfred Reagan in 1879.</p><br>
<p>Uppermost on Roaring Fork, near where the stream absorbs Surry Creek, were farms owned by the Clabo family, Gilbert Ogle, and Jasper Mellinger.</p><br>
<p>Around 1850, the residents of Roaring Fork constructed a crude road connecting the area to White Oak Flats (this old road is now a stop along the Roaring Fork Motor Nature Trail). By 1900, the community had matured into a mountain hamlet with its own school, church, general store, and tub mills.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the Roaring Fork Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>The Jim Bales Place</h3><br>
<p>The first historic stop along the Roaring Fork Motor Nature Trail is the Jim Bales Place, a farm which Jim Bales inherited from his father, Caleb. Jim, born James Wesley Bales in 1869, lived here for much of his life. He married Emma Ogle, a granddaughter of Gilbert Ogle, whose farm was located just above the Bales Place. As Bales got older, the farm passed on to other families, one of which erected a modern frame house on the land (known as the "fancy house") where they entertained visitors.</p><br>
<p>When the Park Service gained control of the land in the 1930s, the frame house was torn down. The Alex Cole Cabin, being more representative of the pioneer days of Appalachia, was moved to the farm from the Sugarlands. Bales&#39; corn crib and barn remain, however.</p><br>
<h3>The Ephraim Bales Place</h3><br>
<p>Just below the Jim Bales place is the farm of Ephraim and Minerva Bales. Ephraim, Jim Bales&#39; older brother, farmed some 30 acre of his 70 acre plot. The other 40 acre were mostly wooded, which the Bales family used for construction material and firewood.</p><br>
<p>The Bales cabin was a double cabin with a passageway known as a "dog trot" in between. Dog-trot cabins, which are fairly common throughout the southeastern USA, typically involve two adjacent cabins with roughly 10 ft in between, but with one continuous roof. The space between the two halves was relatively cool in summer and warm in winter, making it attractive to dogs. Both halves of the cabin have their own chimney. With the exception of a back porch, the cabin remains largely as it was when the Bales family lived in here in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>Along with the cabin, Bales&#39; corn crib, hog pen, and barn are still standing today, just a few yards from the cabin. A rock wall and paling fence behind the cabin are representative of the two major barriers used in the Northern Smokies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<h3>The Alfred Reagan Place</h3><br>
<p>Alfred Reagan, a descendant of the areas first settlers, owned a small farm just below the Ephraim Bales Place. Reagan was a jack-of-all-trades, operating the Roaring Fork communitys blacksmith shop, general store, and its most consistent grist mill. Reagan was also a part-time preacher at the Roaring Fork Church, for which he donated the land and helped build.</p><br>
<p>Of all the buildings on Reagans farm, only his cabin and mill remain today. Due to its sawboard paneling and coat of paint, Reagans cabin stands out among historical structures in the Smokies today. The cabin&#39;s design is known as a "saddlebag" design, which involves two cabins constructed around a single chimney. A kitchen area was added later.</p><br>
<p>The Reagan mill is a standard tub mill, with a flume redirecting water from Roaring Fork to power a tub-wheel turbine. The turbine turns a grindstone which breaks down corn and wheat into cornmeal and flour. Reagans mill was well-designed and well-positioned. It is said that when other mills lacked sufficient water power due to low water levels, Reagans mill would continue to operate.</p><br>
<h2>Alex Cole Cabin</h2><br>
<p>The Alex Cole Cabin is the last surviving structure from the Sugarlands community proper. Built by mountain guide Albert Alexander Cole, it has been moved from its original site to the Jim Bales Place along the Roaring Fork Motor Nature Trail.</p><br>
<h2>The Roaring Fork Motor Nature Trail</h2><br>
<p>The Roaring Fork Motor Nature Trail is a narrow one-way road that is open to vehicular traffic (cars and small pickup trucks only) in Spring, Summer, and Fall. Along with the historic district, the road passes by two overlooks and a forest that is representative of mid-level elevations in the Smokies.</p><br>
<p>The trail begins just past the Rainbow Falls Trailhead on Cherokee Orchard Road, and slowly ascends Piney Mountain, topping out at an overlook on the mountains northern slopes (the overlooks elevation is roughly 3,000 feet/914 meters). Just past the overlook, the road passes numerous large chestnut tree blowdowns. These trees, which often grew to 5–6 feet in diameter, were killed off by a blight in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>As the road descends Piney Mountain, it passes a parking lot at the Trillium Gap Trailhead. This hiking trail leads past Grotto Falls and Trillium Gap en route to the summit of Mount Le Conte. Trillium Gap — the gap between Brushy Mountain and the main Le Conte massif — was named by Horace Albright, who observed the trillium-filled area in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Past the Trillium Gap Trailhead, the road steadies as it enters the upper reaches of the Roaring Fork hollow. Patches of young tuliptrees mark the former location of the Clabo and Ogle farms. Immediately after the road crosses Roaring Fork, the Jim Bales Place is visible on the right (east). The Grapeyard Ridge Trail, which connects Roaring Fork to Greenbrier, begins just behind the barn. Past the Jim Bales Place are the Ephraim Bales Place and Alfred Reagan Place.</p><br>
<p>The road continues to descend past the historic district, passing along the way a parking lot that allows for an upclose view of Roaring Fork. A thin waterfall known as "The Place of a Thousand Drips" is the last stop along the motor trail before it re-enters Gatlinburg.</p><br>
<p>The Louise White School is a Registered Historic Place in Batavia, Illinois. It was in active use as a school for 85 years, and served as home of the Chautauqua movement in north central Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Louise White School was the main school in the settlement of Batavia from its construction in 1893 through the 1970s. It was built to replace a wood frame school that was built in 1856 but destroyed in an 1893 fire. The school was the regional home of the Chatauqua movement. Like most Chatauqua establishments, the school hosted many notable traveling lecturers. The building is considered a good example of Romanesque Revival architecture and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1980. The school building currently houses TSN International, a travel vacation club which has been the primary tenant since 1992.</p><br>
<p>The two-story limestone building is rectangular and situated on a hill east of the Fox River. Each story had four classrooms. The main entrance to the building faces the west and feature a limestone arch typical of the architectural style. The building also features an attic with a 20 foot high ceiling beneath a 45 degree hip roof. The 8 foot windows are an early example of insulated glazing. A two-story yellow brick extension was added in 1927, connected to the main building though a limestone passage.</p><br>
<p>Rizes  is the easternmost village in the municipal unit of Tegea in Arcadia, Greece. Its population was 552 in 2011. Its primary economic activity is agriculture. Rizes&#39; crops include cherries, potatoes, and grape cultivation and wine production. The village lies at the roots of the mountain named Saint Elias  which includes four noteworthy churches. At the summit is the small church of the Prophet Elias followed by in order of descending elevation the churches of Saint Nicholas, Saint Marina and Saint Spyridon. The feast of Saint Marina is celebrated every year on 17 July with a popular festival in Rizes.</p><br>
<h2>Notable individuals</h2><br>
<p>Angelo Tsakopoulos (Born 1936), prominent Greek-American real estate developer</p><br>
<p>The Harry F. Sinclair House is a mansion at 2 East 79th Street at Fifth Avenue, Manhattan, New York City, that houses the Ukrainian Institute of America, which promotes art and literature by hosting exhibitions open to public, among other means.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was designed by Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert (C. P. H. Gilbert) for the New York banker and stockbroker Isaac D. Fletcher in 1897 and completed in 1898. Accessed October 7, 2008.</p><br>
<p>When it was built, the house faced Isaac Brokaw&#39;s 1891 Gothic mansion across the street on the northeast corner, at 1 East 79th. When Fletcher died in 1917, he left the house and his art collection to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which sold the house to create the Fletcher Fund for purchases of prints and drawings. The purchaser in 1918 was the self-made oil millionaire Harry F. Sinclair, who lived in the house until 1930. Sinclair is best known for founding Sinclair Oil in 1916 and was made notorious by his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal in 1922. After Sinclair sold it in 1930 it became known as the Augustus and Anne van Horne Stuyvesant House; the unmarried brother and sister, descendents of Peter Stuyvesant, had moved from their house at 3 East 57th Street, when that stretch of Fifth Avenue had become unalterably commercial. Since 1955 it has been owned by the Ukrainian Institute of America.</p><br>
<p>In 1996 architectural historian Christopher Gray quoted an anonymous critic writing for the Real Estate Record & Guide in 1899, who in praising the design noted that much of the ornament was ecclesiastical in origin rather than domestic. The writer closed with the observation that the Fletcher mansion had "too much the air of an archeological reproduction to be accepted as an appropriate New York City house of 1898."</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978,</p><br>
<p>and remained "refreshingly unrestored", according to Christopher Gray, until 1997, when modest renovations were undertaken.</p><br>
<h2>Ukrainian Institute of America</h2><br>
<p>The Ukrainian Institute of America (UIA) is a nonprofit institution, with its headquarters at the mansion It was founded by Ukrainian industrialist and philanthropist William Dzus on May 3, 1948 to promote Ukrainian culture, history, art, music and literature and started formally in 1955. It often hosts art exhibitions of notable Ukrainian artists living in the states and other events related to Ukrainian heritage.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The house was used as a location in the film Cruel Intentions, as well as many other films and advertisements.</p><br>
<p>The exterior is also featured in "Great Expectations", where Ethan Hawke yells in the rain.</p><br>
